Bhikkhu (Buddhist Monk)

Definition A Bhikkhu (Pali) or Bhikṣu (Sanskrit) is a fully ordained male monastic in Buddhism. The term literally translates to "beggar" or "one who lives by alms."

Etymology The word is derived from the root bhikkh (to beg) and ikṣ (to see/seek). It signifies a person who has renounced the pursuit of worldly wealth and instead sustains their physical body entirely through the generosity of others (alms) to focus on spiritual liberation.

Context in the Suttas In discourses like the Sabbāsava Sutta, the Buddha addresses his audience as "Bhikkhus." While this technically refers to the ordained monks present, commentaries often note that in this context, "Bhikkhu" can broadly imply any practitioner who is earnestly practicing the Dhamma.

Key Characteristics & Lifestyle

1. Renunciation (Pabbajjā) A bhikkhu has "gone forth" from the household life into homelessness. He abandons family ties, career, and money to live the "holy life" (brahmacariya).

2. The Four Requisites As mentioned in the Sutta, a bhikkhu depends on four basics provided by lay supporters:

   • Robes (to cover the body)

   • Almsfood (to sustain life)

   • Lodging (for shelter)

   • Medicine (for sickness)

3. The Precepts (Sīla) A fully ordained Bhikkhu in the Theravada tradition follows the Pātimokkha, a set of 227 rules. These rules cover:

   • Parajika (Defeat): 4 offenses that lead to permanent expulsion (Sexual intercourse, stealing, killing a human, false claim of superior human states).

   • Sanghadisesa: 13 offenses requiring a formal meeting and probation.

   • Minor Rules: Covering etiquette, handling of requisites, and communal harmony.

4. Daily Routine A traditional bhikkhu's day typically involves:

   • Early morning meditation.

   • Alms Round (Piṇḍapāta): Walking silently through the village with a bowl to receive food.

   • One meal a day (usually before noon).

   • Dhamma study and meditation.

Distinctions

• Samanera: A novice monk (often under age 20) who keeps Ten Precepts.

• Bhikkhu: A fully ordained monk (via the Upasampadā ceremony) who keeps the full code.

• Bhikkhuṇī: The female counterpart (Nun), who follows a parallel but distinct monastic code.