Reading guide
A new chapter, a sharp opening
The Brāhmaṇavagga (“Brahmins”) opens not with praise or instruction but with polemic: a direct, pointed critique of contemporary brahmin practice, measured against both an idealized brahmin past and ordinary canine behavior.
Five traditions, five reversals
Ancient brahmins had sex only with brahmin women, only during fertile periods, without buying or selling wives, without hoarding wealth, and sought almsfood only at dawn and dusk without gorging or hoarding leftovers. The discourse claims contemporary brahmins have abandoned all five — while dogs, described point by point, still keep every one of them.
A polemic, not a claim about canine virtue
This discourse isn't making a literal claim that dogs possess moral understanding; it's a rhetorical device, using an intentionally unflattering comparison to dramatize how far the discourse claims contemporary brahmin practice has drifted from its own tradition's stated ideals.
Reading polemic honestly
This is genuinely sharp-edged material, aimed at a specific social group in a specific historical setting — worth reading as the targeted critique it is, rather than softened into something gentler than it actually is, or taken as a timeless judgment on any group today.
A chapter that keeps returning to brahmin self-understanding
This opening discourse sets a tone this whole chapter returns to repeatedly: what does it actually mean to be a brahmin, measured against brahmin tradition's own claimed standards? AN 5.192 takes up this question directly and at length.
Key terms
The text
Five ancient traditions, kept only by hounds
§1“Mendicants, these five ancient traditions of the brahmins are exhibited these days among hounds, but not among brahmins. What five? In the past brahmins had sex only with brahmin women, not with others. These days brahmins have sex with both brahmin women and others. But these days hounds have sex only with female hounds, not with other species. This is the first ancient tradition of the brahmins exhibited these days among hounds, but not among brahmins. In the past brahmins had sex only with brahmin women in the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, not at other times. These days brahmins have sex with brahmin women both in the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle and at other times. But these days hounds have sex only with female hounds when they are in heat, not at other times. This is the second ancient tradition of the brahmins exhibited these days among hounds, but not among brahmins. In the past brahmins neither bought nor sold brahmin women. They lived together because they loved each other and wanted their family line to continue. These days brahmins both buy and sell brahmin women. They live together whether they love each other or not and they want their family line to continue. But these days hounds neither buy nor sell female hounds. They live together because they’re attracted to each other and want their family line to continue. This is the third ancient tradition of the brahmins exhibited these days among hounds, but not among brahmins. In the past brahmins did not store up money, grain, silver, or gold. These days brahmins do store up money, grain, silver, and gold. But these days hounds don’t store up money, grain, silver, or gold. This is the fourth ancient tradition of the brahmins exhibited these days among hounds, but not among brahmins. In the past brahmins went looking for almsfood for dinner at dusk, and for breakfast at daybreak. These days brahmins eat as much as they like until their bellies are full, then take away the leftovers. But these days hounds go looking for dinner at dusk, and for breakfast at daybreak. This is the fifth ancient tradition of the brahmins exhibited these days among hounds, but not among brahmins. These five ancient traditions of the brahmins are exhibited these days among hounds, but not among brahmins.”
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