The Chapter on Vairocana Begins
After three fascicles of pure cosmology, the sūtra shifts registers entirely. Samantabhadra now tells a story: long ago, in a world named Supreme Voice, a buddha appeared for the very first time in that world's history, and a crown prince named Great Majestic Light, upon beholding him, attained ten profound dharma-gateways in a single moment and spoke a hymn of praise. Tradition reads this narrative — which will run across several fascicles — as an account of one of Vairocana Buddha's own bodhisattva lifetimes.
The World Named Supreme Voice
爾時,普賢菩薩復告大眾言:「諸佛子!乃往古世,過世界微塵數劫,復倍是數,有世界海,名:普門淨光明。此世界海中,有世界,名:勝音,依摩尼華網海住,須彌山微塵數世界而為眷屬,其形正圓,其地具有無量莊嚴,三百重眾寶樹輪圍山所共圍遶,一切寶雲而覆其上,清淨無垢,光明照耀,城邑宮殿如須彌山,衣服飲食隨念而至,其劫名曰:種種莊嚴。」
At that time, Samantabhadra Bodhisattva further addressed the great assembly, saying: "Buddha's children! Long ago, in ages past, beyond kalpas as numerous as the fine motes of dust in a world, and again doubling that number, there was a world-ocean named the Universal-Gateway's Pure Light. Within this world-ocean, there was a world named Supreme Voice, abiding resting upon an ocean of maṇi flower-nets, with worlds as numerous as the fine motes of dust in Sumeru as its retinue. Its shape was perfectly round, and its ground was endowed with immeasurable adornment; three hundred layers of encircling mountains, forests of every jewel's trees, surrounded it together, and every kind of jeweled cloud covered over it. It was pure and free of defilement, its light shining bright; its cities and palaces were like Sumeru; garments and food arrived according to mere thought. That kalpa was named Every Kind of Adornment."
「諸佛子!彼勝音世界中,有香水海,名:清淨光明。其海中,有大華須彌山出現,名:華焰普莊嚴幢,十寶欄楯周匝圍遶。於其山上,有一大林,名:摩尼華枝輪;無量華樓閣,無量寶臺觀,周迴布列;無量妙香幢,無量寶山幢,逈極莊嚴;無量寶芬陀利華,處處敷榮;無量香摩尼蓮華網,周匝垂布;樂音和悅,香雲照耀,數各無量,不可紀極;有百萬億那由他城,周匝圍遶:種種眾生,於中止住。」
"Buddha's children! Within that Supreme Voice World, there was a fragrant water ocean named Pure Light. Within that ocean, a great flower, Sumeru, appeared, named the Banner of the Flower and Flame's Universal Adornment, with ten jeweled balustrades encircling it all around. Upon that mountain, there was a great forest, named the Wheel of Maṇi Flower's Branches; immeasurable flower-pavilions, immeasurable jeweled towers and belvederes, arrayed all around in circuit; immeasurable wondrous, fragrant banners, immeasurable jeweled mountain-banners, adorned utterly and afar; immeasurable jeweled puṇḍarīka flowers, blooming in splendor in every place; immeasurable nets of fragrant maṇi lotus flowers, hanging draped all around; music harmonious and delightful, clouds of fragrance shining bright, their numbers each immeasurable, beyond any full accounting; there were hundreds of thousands of millions of nayutas of cities, encircling it all around, where every kind of living being dwelt."
「諸佛子!此林東有一大城,名:焰光明,人王所都,百萬億那由他城周匝圍遶;清淨妙寶所共成立,縱廣各有七千由旬;七寶為廓,樓櫓却敵,悉皆崇麗;七重寶塹,香水盈滿;優鉢羅華、波頭摩華、拘物頭華、芬陀利華,悉是眾寶,處處分布以為嚴飾;寶多羅樹,七重圍遶;宮殿樓閣,悉寶莊嚴;種種妙網,張施其上;塗香散華,芬瑩其中;有百萬億那由他門,悉寶莊嚴;一一門前,各有四十九寶尸羅幢次第行列。」
"Buddha's children! To the east of this forest there was a great city, named Flame's Light, the capital of a human king, encircled all around by hundreds of thousands of millions of nayutas of cities; formed and established together from pure, wondrous jewels, its length and breadth each seven thousand yojanas; the seven jewels formed its outer wall, its towers and battlements for repelling enemies, all of them lofty and beautiful; seven layers of jeweled moats, filled full with fragrant water; utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, and puṇḍarīka flowers, all made of every jewel, distributed in every place as ornament; jeweled tāla-palm trees encircled it in seven layers; its palaces and pavilions were all adorned with jewels; every kind of wondrous net was stretched out and spread above it; anointing incense and scattered flowers made it fragrant and lustrous within; there were hundreds of thousands of millions of nayutas of gates, all adorned with jewels; and before each and every gate, there stood forty-nine jeweled precept-banners arrayed in order, one after another."
「復有百萬億園林周匝圍遶;其中皆有種種雜香、摩尼樹香,周流普熏;眾鳥和鳴,聽者歡悅。此大城中所有居人,靡不成就業報神足,乘空往來,行同諸天;心有所欲,應念皆至。其城次南,有一天城,名:樹華莊嚴;其次右旋,有大龍城,名曰:究竟;次有夜叉城,名:金剛勝妙幢;次有乾闥婆城,名曰:妙宮;次有阿脩羅城,名曰:寶輪;次有迦樓羅城,名:妙寶莊嚴;次有緊那羅城,名:遊戲快樂;次有摩睺羅城,名:金剛幢;次有梵天王城,名:種種妙莊嚴……。如是等百萬億那由他數。此一一城,各有百萬億那由他樓閣所共圍遶,一一皆有無量莊嚴。」
"Further, hundreds of thousands of millions of gardens and forests encircled it all around; within them there was every kind of mingled fragrance, and the fragrance of maṇi trees, circulating and perfuming everywhere; a multitude of birds sang in harmony, delighting whoever heard them. Every inhabitant dwelling within this great city, none failed to have accomplished the spiritual feet born of karmic recompense, traveling to and fro upon empty space, their conduct the same as the devas; whatever their mind desired arrived entirely according to their very thought. To the south of this city there was a heavenly city, named the Adornment of Tree and Flower; continuing to the right from there, there was a great city of dragons, named Ultimate; next there was a city of yakṣas, named the Vajra's Supreme, Wondrous Banner; next there was a city of gandharvas, named Wondrous Palace; next there was a city of asuras, named the Jeweled Wheel; next there was a city of garuḍas, named the Wondrous, Jeweled Adornment; next there was a city of kinnaras, named Playful Bliss; next there was a city of mahoragas, named the Vajra Banner; next there was a city of the Brahmā king, named Every Kind of Wondrous Adornment... Such as these, there were hundreds of thousands of millions of nayutas of them. Each and every one of these cities was surrounded together by hundreds of thousands of millions of nayutas of pavilions, and each and every one had immeasurable adornment."
「諸佛子!此寶華枝輪大林之中,有一道場,名:寶華遍照,以眾大寶分布莊嚴,摩尼華輪遍滿開敷,然以香燈,具眾寶色焰雲彌覆,光網普照,諸莊嚴具常出妙寶,一切樂中恒奏雅音,摩尼寶王現菩薩身,種種妙華周遍十方。其道場前,有一大海,名:香摩尼金剛;出大蓮華,名:華蘂焰輪,其華廣大百億由旬,莖、葉、鬚,臺皆是妙寶,十不可說百千億那由他蓮華所共圍遶,常放光明,恒出妙音,周遍十方。」
"Buddha's children! Within this great forest of the Jeweled Flower's Branch-Wheel, there was an awakening-site, named the Jeweled Flower Universally Illumining, adorned and distributed with every great jewel, maṇi flower-wheels blooming open and filling everything, lit with lamps of fragrance, complete with a cloud of flame of every jeweled color covering over it, its net of light universally illumining, its every adorning implement forever sending forth wondrous jewels, every kind of music forever playing elegant tunes, the sovereign maṇi jewel manifesting a bodhisattva's own body, every kind of wondrous flower pervading the ten directions. Before this awakening-site, there was a great ocean, named the Vajra of Fragrant Maṇi; from it emerged a great lotus flower, named the Wheel of the Flower-Pistil's Flame, that flower vast, a hundred million yojanas across, its stem, leaves, pistils, and dais all wondrous jewels, surrounded together by ten ineffable hundreds of thousands of millions of nayutas of lotus flowers, forever emitting light, forever sending forth a wondrous voice, pervading the ten directions."
Notice the change in texture from the previous three fascicles: this is the first time since the sūtra's opening chapters that a passage this long has built toward a scene with characters, a place, and a plot, rather than an inventory of names. Chengguan's commentary treats this narrative — which will run across several fascicles — as an account of Vairocana Buddha's own path across countless past lifetimes, beginning here with a single bodhisattva, Great Majestic Light, encountering his first buddha. The elaborate geography just described (the forest, the awakening-site, the surrounding cities of humans, devas, and the eight classes of non-human beings first catalogued back in fascicle one) exists to set the stage for that encounter.
The First Buddha Appears
「諸佛子!彼勝音世界,最初劫中,有十須彌山微塵數如來出興於世。其第一佛,號:一切功德山須彌勝雲。諸佛子!應知彼佛將出現時,一百年前,此摩尼華枝輪大林中,一切莊嚴周遍清淨。所謂:出不思議寶焰雲,發歎佛功德音,演無數佛音聲;舒光布網,彌覆十方;宮殿樓閣,互相照耀;寶華光明,騰聚成雲;復出妙音,說一切眾生前世所行廣大善根,說三世一切諸佛名號,說諸菩薩所修願行究竟之道,說諸如來轉妙法輪種種言辭。現如是等莊嚴之相,顯示如來當出於世。其世界中,一切諸王見此相故,善根成熟,悉欲見佛,而來道場。爾時,一切功德山須彌勝雲佛,於其道場大蓮華中忽然出現。其身周普等真法界,一切佛剎皆示出生,一切道場悉詣其所;無邊妙色,具足清淨;一切世間,無能映奪;具眾寶相,一一分明,一切宮殿悉現其像;一切眾生咸得目見無邊化佛從其身出,種種色光充滿世界。如於此清淨光明香水海,華焰莊嚴幢須彌頂上,摩尼華枝輪大林中,出現其身,而坐於座;其勝音世界,有六十八千億須彌山頂,悉亦於彼現身而坐。爾時,彼佛即於眉間放大光明,其光名:發起一切善根音,十佛剎微塵數光明而為眷屬,充滿一切十方國土。若有眾生應可調伏,其光照觸,即自開悟,息諸惑熱,裂諸蓋網,摧諸障山,淨諸垢濁,發大信解,生勝善根,永離一切諸難恐怖,滅除一切身心苦惱,起見佛心,趣一切智。時,一切世間主,并其眷屬,無量百千,蒙佛光明所開覺故,悉詣佛所,頭面禮足。」
"Buddha's children! Within that Supreme Voice World, in its very first kalpa, there appeared in the world Tathāgatas as numerous as the fine motes of dust in ten Sumerus. Its very first buddha was named the Supreme Cloud of Sumeru, the Mountain of Every Merit. Buddha's children! You should know that, a hundred years before that buddha was about to appear, within this great forest of the Maṇi Flower's Branch-Wheel, every adornment became pervasively pure. That is to say: it sent forth inconceivable clouds of jeweled flame, gave rise to a voice praising the Buddha's own merit, proclaimed the voices of countless buddhas; it unfurled light and spread a net, covering over the ten directions entirely; its palaces and pavilions illumined one another; its jeweled flowers' light rose and gathered to form clouds; it further sent forth a wondrous voice, telling of the vast roots of goodness that every living being had cultivated in ages past, telling the names of every buddha of the three periods of time, telling of the ultimate path of the vow and conduct cultivated by every bodhisattva, telling of every kind of speech by which every Tathāgata turns the wondrous Dharma-wheel. Having manifested marks of adornment such as these, it revealed that the Tathāgata was about to appear in the world. Within that world, every king, upon seeing these marks, had their roots of goodness ripen, and all wished to behold the Buddha, and so came to the awakening-site. At that time, the Buddha, the Supreme Cloud of Sumeru, the Mountain of Every Merit, suddenly appeared within the great lotus flower of that very awakening-site. His body pervaded universally, equal to the true Dharma-realm, and every buddha-land showed his birth; every awakening-site was entirely reached by him. His boundless, wondrous form was fully endowed with purity; nothing in any world was able to eclipse or overshadow it. Endowed with every jeweled mark, each and every one distinct and clear, every palace entirely manifested his reflected image; every living being was able, with their own eyes, to behold boundless transformation-buddhas emerging from his very body, every kind of colored light filling the world. Just as, within this Pure Light fragrant water ocean, atop the Sumeru of the Flower and Flame's Adorning Banner, within the great forest of the Maṇi Flower's Branch-Wheel, his body appeared and he sat upon that very throne — so too, within that Supreme Voice World, upon sixty-eight thousand millions of Sumeru peaks, his body likewise appeared and he sat there as well. At that time, that buddha then emitted great light from between his brows; that light was named the Voice That Rouses Every Root of Goodness, with light as numerous as the fine motes of dust in ten buddha-lands as its retinue, filling every land of the ten directions entirely. If there were living beings fit to be tamed, that light touched and illumined them, and they were spontaneously awakened, their every delusion's heat put to rest, every net of their coverings torn asunder, every mountain of their obstruction subdued, every defilement and turbidity of theirs purified; they gave rise to great faith and understanding, and gave birth to supreme roots of goodness, forever leaving behind every difficulty and every fear, extinguishing every affliction of body and mind, and gave rise to the mind that seeks to behold the Buddha, hastening toward omniscience. At that time, every lord of the world, together with their retinues, immeasurable hundreds of thousands of them, having been awakened by the Buddha's own light, all went to the place of the Buddha, and bowed their heads to his very feet."
Crown Prince Great Majestic Light's Awakening
「諸佛子!彼焰光明大城中,有王,名:喜見善慧,統領百萬億那由他城,夫人、采女三萬七千人,福吉祥為上首;王子五百人別本云二萬五千人,大威光為上首;大威光太子有十千夫人,妙見為上首。爾時,大威光太子見佛光明已,以昔所修善根力故,即時證得十種法門。何謂為十?所謂:證得一切諸佛功德輪三昧,證得一切佛法普門陀羅尼,證得廣大方便藏般若波羅蜜,證得調伏一切眾生大莊嚴大慈,證得普雲音大悲,證得生無邊功德最勝心大喜,證得如實覺悟一切法大捨,證得廣大方便平等藏大神通,證得增長信解力大願,證得普入一切智光明辯才門。」
"Buddha's children! Within that Flame's Light great city, there was a king, named Delighting to Behold Excellent Wisdom, who governed hundreds of thousands of millions of nayutas of cities; he had thirty-seven thousand consorts and court ladies, with Fortune and Auspiciousness foremost among them; he had five hundred princes — a variant text says twenty-five thousand — with Great Majestic Light foremost among them; and Crown Prince Great Majestic Light had ten thousand consorts, with Wondrous Vision foremost among them. At that time, when Crown Prince Great Majestic Light beheld the Buddha's own light, through the power of roots of goodness he had cultivated in ages past, he then and there realized ten kinds of dharma-gateways. What were these ten? They were: he realized the samādhi of the wheel of merit of every buddha; he realized the universal-gateway dhāraṇī of every buddha's own Dharma; he realized the treasury of vast, skillful means, the perfection of wisdom; he realized the great compassion, the great adornment that tames every living being; he realized the great pity, the universal cloud of voice; he realized the great joy, the supreme mind giving rise to boundless merit; he realized the great equanimity, truly awakening to every dharma; he realized the great spiritual transmutation, the equal treasury of vast, skillful means; he realized the great vow, increasing the power of faith and understanding; and he realized the gateway of eloquence universally entering the light of omniscience."
「爾時,大威光太子,獲得如是法光明已,承佛威力,普觀大眾而說頌言:
「『世尊坐道場,清淨大光明,
譬如千日出,普照虛空界。
無量億千劫,導師時乃現,
佛今出世間,一切所瞻奉。
汝觀佛光明,化佛難思議,
一切宮殿中,寂然而正受。
汝觀佛神通,毛孔出焰雲,
照耀於世間,光明無有盡。
汝應觀佛身,光網極清淨,
現形等一切,遍滿於十方。
妙音遍世間,聞者皆欣樂,
隨諸眾生語,讚歎佛功德。
世尊光所照,眾生悉安樂,
有苦皆滅除,心生大歡喜。
觀諸菩薩眾,十方來萃止,
悉放摩尼雲,現前稱讚佛。
道場出妙音,其音極深遠,
能滅眾生苦,此是佛神力。
一切咸恭敬,心生大歡喜,
共在世尊前,瞻仰於法王。』」
At that time, Crown Prince Great Majestic Light, having attained such light of the Dharma, sustained by the Buddha's own power, universally beheld the great assembly, and spoke a verse, saying:
"'The World-Honored One sits at the awakening-site, pure and greatly luminous,
just like a thousand suns rising, universally illumining the whole realm of empty space.
Only after immeasurable hundreds of millions of thousands of kalpas does a guide of this kind appear;
the Buddha now appears in the world, and every being looks up to him in reverence.
Behold the Buddha's own light: the transformation-buddhas within it are hard to conceive,
and within every palace, they sit in tranquil, right absorption.
Behold the Buddha's own spiritual transmutation: from his very pores emerge clouds of flame,
shining bright throughout the world, their light without any exhaustion.
You should behold the Buddha's body: its net of light utterly pure,
its manifest form equal to everything, filling the ten directions entirely.
A wondrous voice pervades the world, and whoever hears it delights and rejoices,
following the language of every living being, praising the Buddha's own merit.
Wherever the World-Honored One's light shines, living beings are entirely at peace and ease,
and whatever suffering exists is entirely extinguished, their minds giving rise to great joy.
Behold the whole assembly of bodhisattvas, gathered together from the ten directions,
all sending forth clouds of maṇi, appearing before him to praise the Buddha.
From the awakening-site emerges a wondrous voice, that voice utterly profound and far-reaching,
able to extinguish the suffering of living beings — such is the Buddha's own spiritual power.
Everyone reveres him entirely, their minds giving rise to great joy,
together before the World-Honored One, gazing up at the King of the Dharma.'"
A crown prince, not yet a monk, not yet a renunciant of any kind, attains ten profound dharma-gateways in the instant of beholding a buddha's light — no teaching has yet been spoken, no practice yet undertaken. The sūtra locates the cause explicitly in "roots of goodness he had cultivated in ages past," refusing to treat this as an arbitrary reward: what looks like grace in this single scene is the sūtra's own claim about how karma compounds across lifetimes invisible to any single narrative. Great Majestic Light's own hymn, notably, never mentions himself — every line addresses "you," the assembled crowd, redirecting attention from what he has just privately realized back onto the Buddha before them both.
Part 31 Complete
This closes Part 31, opening fascicle eleven and the sūtra's sixth chapter, "The Chapter on Vairocana" (毘盧遮那品第六): the ancient world Supreme Voice, its great forest and surrounding cities, the appearance of its very first buddha, and Crown Prince Great Majestic Light's own awakening and hymn of praise upon beholding him. Part 32 continues as the whole city, led by the king, sets out together to see the Buddha for themselves.