Part 43 of the collection · Fascicle 13 of 80 · 菩薩問明品第十(初) · T279

The Bodhisattvas' Questions on Clarification Begin

With the light's expansion complete, the assembly turns from vision to inquiry. Mañjuśrī, present in every world at once, now questions each of his nine companion bodhisattvas in turn — beginning with Foremost in Awakening, on why a single mind-nature appears as beings so utterly different from one another, and Foremost in Wealth, on why the Tathāgata's one body meets each being so differently.

Translator: Ru-Yi Meditation Center Status: Part 43 — chapter 10 opens, dialogues 1–2 of 10 Source: Taishō T279 (Śikṣānanda, Tang, 695–699 CE)

Mañjuśrī Questions Foremost in Awakening

The tenth chapter opens with no further narrative frame: the assembly gathered by the light's expansion simply begins to speak. Mañjuśrī, the chapter's constant questioner, turns first to Foremost in Awakening Bodhisattva, asking how a single, undivided mind-nature can appear as beings so unlike one another — different destinies, different bodies, different fortunes — when karma, mind, feeling, and recompense each seem unable to know the others at all.

Chinese Source

爾時,文殊師利菩薩問覺首菩薩言:「佛子!心性是一。云何見有種種差別?所謂:往善趣、惡趣;諸根滿、缺;受生同、異;端正、醜陋;苦、樂不同;業不知心,心不知業;受不知報,報不知受;心不知受,受不知心;因不知緣,緣不知因;智不知境,境不知智。」

時,覺首菩薩以頌答曰:

「仁今問是義,為曉悟群蒙,
我如其性答,惟仁應諦聽。
諸法無作用,亦無有體性,
是故彼一切,各各不相知。

譬如河中水,湍流競奔逝,
各各不相知,諸法亦如是。
亦如大火聚,猛焰同時發,
各各不相知,諸法亦如是。

又如長風起,遇物咸鼓扇,
各各不相知,諸法亦如是。
又如眾地界,展轉因依住,
各各不相知,諸法亦如是。

眼耳鼻舌身,心意諸情根,
以此常流轉,而無能轉者。
法性本無生,示現而有生,
是中無能現,亦無所現物。

眼耳鼻舌身,心意諸情根,
一切空無性,妄心分別有。
如理而觀察,一切皆無性,
法眼不思議,此見非顛倒。

若實若不實,若妄若非妄,
世間出世間,但有假言說。」

Ru-Yi Translation

At that time, Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva asked Foremost in Awakening Bodhisattva, saying: "Son of the Buddha! The nature of mind is one. How is it, then, that one sees so many different distinctions — namely, going to a good destiny or an evil destiny; the faculties being complete or deficient; the manner of receiving birth being the same or different; being upright or ugly; suffering and happiness being unequal; karma not knowing mind, and mind not knowing karma; feeling not knowing its own recompense, and recompense not knowing feeling; mind not knowing feeling, and feeling not knowing mind; cause not knowing condition, and condition not knowing cause; wisdom not knowing its object, and the object not knowing wisdom?"

At that time, Foremost in Awakening Bodhisattva answered with a verse, saying:

"You now ask of this meaning, in order to awaken the deluded multitude; I shall answer according to its very nature — you now should listen closely and attentively.
Every dharma is without function, and likewise without any inherent nature of its own; and for this reason, each and every one of them does not know any other.

Just as, within a river, the water rushes and races, contending as it flows onward, each and every part not knowing any other — so too it is with every dharma.
Just as, within a great mass of fire, fierce flames arise all at once together, each and every one not knowing any other — so too it is with every dharma.

Just as, when a long wind arises, whatever it meets is all fanned and stirred, each and every part not knowing any other — so too it is with every dharma.
Just as with every element of earth, turning one into another, depending and abiding upon one another, each and every one not knowing any other — so too it is with every dharma.

Eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind, and intellect, and every one of the sense-faculties — by means of these there is forever turning and flowing, yet there is no one at all who does the turning.
The nature of dharmas is fundamentally unborn, yet it manifests and appears to be born; within this, there is no one at all who manifests it, nor any thing at all that is manifested.

Eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind, and intellect, and every one of the sense-faculties — all of them are empty, without any nature of their own; it is the deluded mind that discriminates them into being.
Contemplating in accordance with principle, everything is entirely without any nature of its own; the Dharma-eye, inconceivable, this vision is no inverted view.

Whether real or unreal, whether false or not false, the mundane and the world-transcending — these are nothing but provisional, conventional speech."

Mañjuśrī Questions Foremost in Wealth

Mañjuśrī then turns to Foremost in Wealth Bodhisattva with a second puzzle: if living beings are not, in the ultimate sense, truly "living beings" at all, how does the Tathāgata still meet each one so precisely — matching his manifestation to their time, lifespan, body, conduct, understanding, speech, and disposition — in order to teach and transform them?

Chinese Source

爾時,文殊師利菩薩問財首菩薩言:「佛子!一切眾生非眾生。云何如來隨其時、隨其命、隨其身、隨其行、隨其解、隨其言論、隨其心樂、隨其方便、隨其思惟、隨其觀察,於如是諸眾生中,為現其身,教化調伏?」

時,財首菩薩以頌答曰:

「此是樂寂滅,多聞者境界,
我為仁宣說,仁今應聽受。
分別觀內身,此中誰是我,
若能如是解,彼達我有無。

此身假安立,住處無方所,
諦了是身者,於中無所著。
於身善觀察,一切皆明見,
知法皆虛妄,不起心分別。

壽命因誰起,復因誰退滅,
猶如旋火輪,初後不可知。
智者能觀察,一切有無常,
諸法空無我,永離一切相。

眾報隨業生,如夢不真實,
念念常滅壞,如前後亦爾。
世間所見法,但以心為主,
隨解取眾相,顛倒不如實。

世間所言論,一切是分別,
未曾有一法,得入於法性。
能緣所緣力,種種法出生,
速滅不暫停,念念悉如是。」

Ru-Yi Translation

At that time, Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva asked Foremost in Wealth Bodhisattva, saying: "Son of the Buddha! All living beings are not, in truth, living beings. How is it, then, that the Tathāgata, according to their time, according to their lifespan, according to their body, according to their conduct, according to their understanding, according to their speech, according to the pleasure of their mind, according to their skillful means, according to their thinking, and according to their contemplation, manifests his own body among such living beings as these, to teach, transform, and subdue them?"

At that time, Foremost in Wealth Bodhisattva answered with a verse, saying:

"This is the domain of those who delight in stillness and cessation, those of great learning; I shall proclaim it for your sake — you now should listen and receive it.
Discriminating and contemplating the body within, who, among all this, is 'I'? If one is able to understand it thus, one penetrates whether 'I' exists or does not exist.

This body is provisionally established, its dwelling-place having no fixed location; one who truly understands this body has, within it, nothing at all to which he clings.
Contemplating the body thoroughly and well, everything becomes entirely clear and manifest; knowing that every dharma is empty and false, one no longer gives rise to discriminating thought.

From what does the lifespan arise, and from what, again, does it decline and cease? It is just like a whirling wheel of fire, whose beginning and end cannot be known.
The wise are able to contemplate that everything that exists is impermanent; every dharma is empty and without self, forever free of every mark.

Every recompense arises according to karma, unreal as a dream; moment by moment it is forever ceasing and being destroyed, and it is the same before as after.
Whatever dharma is seen in the world has the mind alone as its master; following understanding, one grasps at every mark, inverted and not in accordance with reality.

Whatever is spoken of in the world is, in every case, mere discrimination; there has never once been a single dharma that has entered into the nature of dharmas.
Through the power of the perceiving and the perceived, various dharmas come into being; swiftly ceasing, never pausing even for a moment, it is thus in every single thought."

Reading note — Ru-Yi Meditation Center

The chapter's method comes into view across just these first two exchanges: Mañjuśrī poses a paradox that sounds almost logical — one mind-nature, many differences; no true beings, yet a Buddha who meets each precisely — and each of the nine bodhisattvas answers not by resolving the paradox conceptually but by dissolving the assumption that generates it. Foremost in Awakening does this with a run of parallel images (river-water, fire, wind, earth) that each show many-in-one without contradiction; Foremost in Wealth does it by turning the question back onto the questioner's own body, showing that the "I" whose consistency seemed to demand an explanation was never findable to begin with. Chengguan's commentary treats this chapter as the sūtra's most concentrated exercise in prajñā before the systematic stages of practice begin in the chapters that follow — nine variations on watching a apparent problem lose its footing once its unexamined premise is seen through.

Part 43 Complete

This closes Part 43. Fascicle thirteen's tenth chapter, "The Bodhisattvas' Questions on Clarification" (菩薩問明品第十), continues with Mañjuśrī's next question — to Foremost in Treasure, on why beings equally without self or possession still experience such different degrees of suffering and pleasure.