The Ten Great Concentrations Named
The Buddha asks Samantabhadra for the ten, and names them himself first. Then comes a startling sentence: whoever loves these, reveres them and practices them without slackening is to be called a buddha — and eight other titles besides.
The Ten
The reason given for expounding them is unusual and precise: bodhisattvas past, present and future get out by way of this teaching.
爾時，如來告普賢菩薩言：「普賢！汝應為普眼及此會中諸菩薩眾說十三昧，令得善入，成滿普賢所有行願。諸菩薩摩訶薩說此十大三昧故，令過去菩薩已得出離，現在菩薩今得出離，未來菩薩當得出離。何者為十？一者普光大三昧，二者妙光大三昧，三者次第遍往諸佛國土大三昧，四者清淨深心行大三昧，五者知過去莊嚴藏大三昧，六者智光明藏大三昧，七者了知一切世界佛莊嚴大三昧，八者眾生差別身大三昧，九者法界自在大三昧，十者無礙輪大三昧。
Then the Tathāgata said to Samantabhadra Bodhisattva: "Samantabhadra! You should expound the ten samādhis for Universal Eye and for the bodhisattva hosts in this assembly, causing them to enter well and to bring all of Samantabhadra's practices and vows to fulfilment. It is because the bodhisattva mahāsattvas expound these ten great samādhis that bodhisattvas of the past have already obtained deliverance, bodhisattvas of the present now obtain deliverance, and bodhisattvas of the future will obtain deliverance. What are the ten? The first is the great samādhi of Universal Light; the second, the great samādhi of Wondrous Light; the third, the great samādhi of Going in Order Throughout All the Buddha-Lands; the fourth, the great samādhi of the Conduct of the Pure and Profound Mind; the fifth, the great samādhi of Knowing the Treasury of Past Adornments; the sixth, the great samādhi of the Treasury of Wisdom's Radiance; the seventh, the great samādhi of Comprehending the Buddha-Adornments of All Worlds; the eighth, the great samādhi of the Differentiated Bodies of Beings; the ninth, the great samādhi of Sovereign Freedom in the Dharma-Realm; and the tenth, the great samādhi of the Unobstructed Wheel.
此十大三昧，諸大菩薩乃能善入，去、來、現在一切諸佛已說、當說、現說。若諸菩薩愛樂尊重，修習不懈，則得成就。如是之人，則名為佛，則名如來，亦則名為得十力人，亦名導師，亦名大導師，亦名一切智，亦名一切見，亦名住無礙，亦名達諸境，亦名一切法自在。
These ten great samādhis only the great bodhisattvas can enter well; all the buddhas of past, future and present have expounded them, will expound them, and are expounding them now. If bodhisattvas love and revere them and cultivate them without slackening, then they attain accomplishment. Such a person is then called a buddha; is called a Tathāgata; is also called one who has obtained the ten powers; is also called a guide; is also called a great guide; is also called all-knowing; is also called all-seeing; is also called one who abides unobstructed; is also called one who has reached every domain; and is also called one sovereign in all dharmas.
已得出離、今得出離、當得出離 — have already obtained deliverance, now obtain it, will obtain it. 出離 is the old word for getting out of saṃsāra, and it is applied here to bodhisattvas at every point in time by way of a single teaching. Note the grammar of the reason: it is because these are expounded that anyone gets out, which places the act of teaching, not the samādhi alone, at the centre.
如是之人，則名為佛 — such a person is then called a buddha. The sūtra does not say they become one; it says what they are called, and then piles nine further titles on. Read alongside 墮在佛數, counted among the buddhas, from the tenth ground in Part 476, the chapter is keeping to a careful vocabulary about naming rather than identity.
What Such a Person Does
Entering everywhere and clinging nowhere; then ten "gateways" that say what this teaching is, ending with the two that face outward — establishing beings in all-knowing wisdom, and purifying worlds.
此菩薩普入一切世界，而於世界無所著；普入一切眾生界，而於眾生無所取；普入一切身，而於身無所礙；普入一切法界，而知法界無有邊。親近三世一切佛，明見一切諸佛法，巧說一切文字，了達一切假名，成就一切菩薩清淨道，安住一切菩薩差別行。於一念中，普得一切三世智，普知一切三世法，普說一切諸佛教，普轉一切不退輪，於去、來、現在一一世，普證一切菩提道；於此一一菩提中，普了一切佛所說。
This bodhisattva enters all worlds universally, and yet is attached to nothing in any world; enters the whole realm of beings universally, and yet grasps at no being; enters all bodies universally, and yet is obstructed by no body; enters the whole dharma-realm universally, and yet knows the dharma-realm to be without bound. They draw near to all the buddhas of the three times, see clearly all the buddhas' dharmas, expound all letters and syllables skilfully, penetrate all conventional designations, accomplish every pure path of the bodhisattva, and abide securely in every differentiated practice of the bodhisattva. In a single thought they universally obtain all wisdom of the three times, universally know all dharmas of the three times, universally expound all the buddhas' teachings, and universally turn every wheel of non-regression; in each single age of past, future and present they universally realize every path of awakening; and within each single awakening they universally comprehend all that the buddhas have spoken.
此是諸菩薩法相門，是諸菩薩智覺門，是一切種智無勝幢門，是普賢菩薩諸行願門，是猛利神通誓願門，是一切總持辯才門，是三世諸法差別門，是一切諸佛示現門，是以薩婆若安立一切眾生門，是以佛神力嚴淨一切世界門。
This is the gateway of the bodhisattvas' dharma-characteristics; the gateway of the bodhisattvas' awakened wisdom; the gateway of the unvanquished banner of the wisdom of all modes; the gateway of Samantabhadra Bodhisattva's practices and vows; the gateway of fierce and swift spiritual penetration and vow; the gateway of all retention and eloquence; the gateway of the differences among the dharmas of the three times; the gateway of the manifestation of all the buddhas; the gateway of establishing all beings in all-knowing wisdom; and the gateway of adorning and purifying all worlds by the Buddha's spiritual power.
了達一切假名 — penetrate all conventional designations. Placed between expounding letters skilfully and accomplishing the bodhisattva's pure path, and it is the hinge between them: names are seen through, and are then used. The ninth ground's Dharma-master needed exactly this, and here it is listed among the effects of concentration.
是以薩婆若安立一切眾生門 — the gateway of establishing all beings in all-knowing wisdom. 薩婆若 is sarvajñā transliterated rather than translated, and the sūtra keeps the foreign sound at the point where the list turns from what the teaching is to what it does for other people.
Part 495 Complete
This continues chapter twenty-seven, 十定品, The Ten Concentrations, in fascicle forty. Part 496 finishes the Buddha's account of what entering this samādhi brings — inexhaustible power in the dharma-realm, unobstructed movement in space, the Dharma-king's station conferred as a worldly consecration confers a throne, a lion's fearlessness, a lamp lit for the true Dharma — and then Samantabhadra begins, with the ten inexhaustible dharmas of the samādhi of Universal Light.