Ouyi Zhixu · 1600s · 教觀綱宗

The Jiaoguan Gangzong.

"The essential matter of buddhas and patriarchs is nothing but teaching and contemplation. Contemplation without teaching is not correct; teaching without contemplation cannot be transmitted." Ouyi Zhixu opens his short outline of Tiantai doctrine with that single claim, then spends the rest of the treatise making good on it — compressing the Five Periods, the Eight Teachings, and all Four Teachings of Content, each worked out with its own Four Noble Truths, its own six identities, and its own ten modes of contemplation, into one continuous structure meant to be memorized as the doctrinal key to the rest of the Tiantai corpus. This collection translates the whole treatise across five pages, with reading notes drawn throughout from Zhixu's own commentary, the Jiaoguan Gangzong Shiyi (X0974).

How to read this collection

This is a short treatise — 479 lines in its CBETA source, with no fascicle divisions of its own — read here across five pages, split at the treatise's own major doctrinal joints rather than any division CBETA imposed: the opening framework and the Five Periods, then one page each for the Tripiṭaka, shared, distinct, and perfect teachings. Zhixu wrote this outline by expanding an earlier wall-chart of his own into a bound book, adding each of the Four Teachings' own ten modes of contemplation — and it is often read as the standard key to the far longer Tiantai treatises already translated on this site, the Mo-ho Chih-kuan and the Shi Chan Boluomi Cidi Famen, both of which this treatise names directly by title.

Each page carries a continuous run of the base text, matched paragraph by paragraph against Ru-Yi's English translation, with reading notes drawn from Zhixu's own line-by-line commentary wherever it addresses the passage directly — which, across a commentary running well over the length of the root text itself, is nearly everywhere. Terminology is matched throughout to this site's three earlier Tiantai meditation projects, and recorded in the translation notes below wherever this treatise required a fresh rendering.

What each page includes

  • The Chinese source text beside our English translation, verified character-for-character against the base text for full coverage.
  • Reading notes — "after Ouyi Zhixu" wherever his commentary directly addresses the passage, which is nearly always.
  • Cross-references tying this treatise's classification schemes back to the site's three earlier Tiantai meditation projects.
  • Terminology matched to this site's existing Tiantai vocabulary wherever an established rendering already exists.
5 of 5 parts translated — complete
8,400+ Chinese characters of root text translated in full
X0974 Zhixu's own commentary, the source for every reading note

The Treatise's Own Structure

One continuous outline, no chapter titles of its own — but a clear internal architecture: the Eightfold classification given first, then each of the Four Teachings of Content worked out in identical order (its Four Noble Truths, its twelve links, its own contemplation, its six identities, its ten modes of contemplation), so that once the pattern is set on page 2, the parallels across pages 3, 4, and 5 do most of the teaching themselves.

Part 1 · 八教 / 五時
Teaching and Contemplation, the Five Periods, the Four Teachings of Method
The inseparable pairing that gives the treatise its title, the Eightfold outline, the Five Periods in both general and specific readings (with Guanding's polemic against a rigid twelve-year dating), and the sudden, gradual, secret, and indeterminate.
Part 1 · complete
Part 2 · 三藏教
The Tripiṭaka Teaching
The Four Noble Truths of generation-and-extinction, the twelve links, the six pāramitās, the contemplation of analytical emptiness, the six identities from an ordinary person through arhatship, and the ten modes of contemplation.
Part 2 · complete
Part 3 · 通教
The Shared Teaching
The Four Noble Truths of no generation, embodied emptiness, the two truths that already secretly contain the distinct or perfect teaching, the nine grounds from dry wisdom through a bodhisattva ground, and the three-tiered scheme by which sharper practitioners are grafted onward.
Part 3 · complete
Part 4 · 別教
The Distinct Teaching
Eight ways this teaching stands apart from every teaching around it, the Four Noble Truths of the immeasurable, two kinds of birth-and-death, and the bodhisattva's own fifty-two sequential stages — the ten faiths, ten abidings, ten practices, ten dedications, ten grounds, equal enlightenment, and subtle enlightenment.
Part 4 · complete
Part 5 · 圓教
The Perfect Teaching, and How the Four Teachings Interlock
The perfect teaching's own definitions and six identities — where the other three teachings' own utmost fruit only ever reaches this teaching's identity in resemblance or a portion of the truth — the great cart and the ten modes of contemplation, the fivefold scheme of transfer, grafting, convergence, gathering, and borrowing that binds every teaching in the treatise together, and the closing dialogue on tangled vine and why there was never any real dharma to find.
Part 5 · complete

Translation Notes

Recurring terms, kept consistent across all five parts — and, for the doctrinal core of the Four Teachings, with the site's three earlier Tiantai meditation projects. Where a term already had an established rendering there, we reuse it here without modification; where this treatise's own classification vocabulary needed a fresh rendering, we coined one here for later Tiantai texts to inherit. See the full translation notes for the complete glossary, and also this site's note on translation method.

藏教 / 通教 / 別教 / 圓教 — the Tripiṭaka / shared / distinct / perfect teachingMatched to this site's existing Mo-ho Chih-kuan translation.
六即 — the six identitiesMatched to the Mo-ho Chih-kuan: identity in principle / name / contemplative practice / resemblance / a portion of the truth / the ultimate.
十法 / 十乘觀法 — the ten modes of contemplationMatched to the Mo-ho Chih-kuan; each of the Four Teachings has its own version, worked out in full on this collection's own pages.
化儀四教 / 化法四教 — the Four Teachings of Method / of ContentCoined fresh for this collection; the treatise's own top-level split of the Eight Teachings.
五時 — the Five PeriodsAvataṃsaka, Āgama, Vaipulya, Prajñā, Lotus-and-Nirvāṇa — kept as period names, coined fresh for this collection.
真諦 / 俗諦 / 中諦 — the truth of the real / the conventional truth / the truth of the middleCoined fresh for this collection, kept literal to preserve the real/conventional/middle triad.
但中 / 圓中 — the mere middle / the perfect middleCoined fresh for this collection; the single distinction that determines whether a sharp shared-teaching practitioner is grafted into the distinct or the perfect teaching.
接 / 轉 / 同 / 會 / 借 — grafting / transfer / convergence / gathering / borrowingCoined fresh for this collection; the treatise's own closing fivefold scheme for how the Four Teachings relate to one another.