Obstacles, and a Treasury of Mantras
Part 4 carries three shorter chapters. The third chapter answers a practical question the sūtra has not yet addressed: what does a practitioner actually do when obstacles — a sudden storm, a demon, sheer fear — arise in the middle of practice? The fourth gathers, in one place, the mantra spoken by every buddha and bodhisattva named in Part 2's maṇḍala, followed by the single-syllable "heart" of each. The fifth opens the sūtra's turn from doctrine and iconography toward the mechanics of a working recitation practice.
Obstacles, and How to Remove Them
爾時金剛手又復請問毘盧遮那世尊,而說偈言:
「云何道場時, 淨除諸障者,修真言行人, 無能為惱害?云何持真言? 云何彼成果?」
如是發問已, 大日尊歎言:「善哉摩訶薩, 快說如是語,隨汝心所問, 今當悉開示。障者自心生, 隨順昔慳悋,為除彼因故, 念此菩提心。善除妄分別, 從心思所生,憶念菩提心, 行者離諸過。常當意思惟, 不動摩訶薩,而結彼密印, 能除諸障礙。祕密主復聽, 繫除散亂風,阿字為我體, 心持阿字門,健陀以塗地, 而作大空點,依於嚩庾方, 闔以捨囉梵,思念於彼器, 大心彌盧山,時時在其上。 阿字大空點,先佛所宣說, 能縛於大風。大有情諦聽, 行者防駛雨,思惟囉字門, 大力火光色,威猛熾焰鬘, 忿怒持遏伽,隨所起方分, 治地興蔭雲,斷以慧刀印, 昏蔽尋消散。行者無畏心, 或作葪羅劍,以是金剛橛, 一切同金剛。復次今當說, 息一切諸障,念真言大猛, 不動大力者,住本漫荼羅, 行者或居中,而觀彼形像, 頂戴三昧足,彼障當淨除, 息滅而不生。或以羅邇迦, 微妙共和合,行者造形像, 而以塗其身,彼諸執著者, 由斯對治故,彼諸根熾然, 勿生疑惑心;乃至釋梵尊, 不順我教故,尚當為所焚, 況復餘眾生。」
At that time Vajrapāṇi again questioned the World-Honored One Mahāvairocana, speaking this verse:
"How, at the time of practice, is every obstacle purified and cleared away, so that a mantra practitioner suffers no harm or affliction? How should mantra be upheld? And how does its fruit come about?"
Having been thus asked, the World-Honored One Mahāvairocana praised him, saying: "Excellent, great being, well have you spoken these words; according to what your heart has asked, I shall now disclose it in full. An obstacle is born from one's own mind, following an old habit of stinginess; to remove its very cause, hold bodhicitta in mind. Skillfully removing false discrimination, which arises from the mind's own thinking, and holding bodhicitta in mind, the practitioner leaves every fault behind. One should constantly, in the mind, contemplate the great being Acala, and, forming his secret seal, thereby remove every obstacle. Lord of Secrets, listen further: to bind and remove the wind of distraction, take the letter A as your own body, hold the gateway of the letter A in mind, coat the ground with fragrant paste, and form there the point of great emptiness; relying on the direction of wind, close it with the syllable HA, and hold in mind that very vessel — the great mind's own Mount Sumeru, ever present above it. The letter A and the point of great emptiness, as the buddhas of old have taught, are able to bind even the great wind. Great being, listen closely: to guard against a driving rain, contemplate the gateway of the letter RA, the color of great and mighty flame, its blazing garland fierce and wrathful, wrathfully holding argha water; wherever the rain arises, work the ground and raise a shading cloud, and cut it off with the seal of the wisdom-sword — the obscuring gloom will at once disperse. With a fearless mind, the practitioner may also fashion a kīla peg, sharp as a sword, using it as a vajra stake, and everything becomes, thereby, one with the vajra itself. Furthermore, I shall now explain how to still every obstacle entirely: hold in mind the mantra of the greatly fierce, immovable, mighty one, and, dwelling within one's own maṇḍala, the practitioner, whether seated at its center or elsewhere, should contemplate that very image, crowning the head with the samaya-seal of his very feet — every obstacle will thereupon be purified, stilled, and will no longer arise. Or, using orpiment finely blended together, the practitioner may fashion his image, and anoint the body with it; every one of those who grasp and cling, on account of this very antidote, will have their own faculties set ablaze — give rise to no doubt about this; for even Śakra and Brahmā themselves, should they fail to follow my teaching, would still be burned by it, how much more so any other being."
This chapter names the actual root of "obstacle" (障) as something interior rather than circumstantial — "an obstacle is born from one's own mind, following an old habit of stinginess" — before turning, in the very next breath, to a wind-storm and a driving rain as the concrete obstacles a practitioner is instructed to counter. The two registers are not in tension on this text's own logic: the letter-gate teaching of Part 3 has already established that A names what is fundamentally unborn and RA names freedom from every defiling dust, so contemplating these same syllables against a literal storm is continuous with, not a departure from, contemplating them against the subtler storm of one's own grasping. Acala — "the Immovable One," already given his full iconography in Part 2's central court, sword and lasso in hand, seated on bare rock — is invoked here in his most practical role: the deity a practitioner turns to first when practice itself is disrupted, whether by weather, by fear, or by an obstructing spirit. This is also the origin, within this sūtra, of the kīla or phurba, the ritual peg later esoteric traditions developed into an entire class of wrathful implement in its own right — introduced here in its simplest form, a stake driven into the ground to anchor a maṇḍala against disruption.
A Treasury of Mantras
Every bodhisattva named in Part 2's maṇḍala now speaks, in turn, their own mantra — the sūtra's own working reference collection, gathered in one place. The Buddha closes the chapter by naming what every one of these mantras, without exception, actually is: the letter A.
普賢菩薩無閡力真言:「南麼三曼多勃馱喃(一) 三麼多奴揭多(二) 嚩囉闍達摩[口*捐]闍多(三) 摩訶摩訶(四) 莎訶(五)」
彌勒菩薩自心真言:「南麼三曼多勃馱喃(一) 阿爾單若耶(二) 薩婆薩埵捨耶弩蘖多(三) 莎訶(四)」
虛空藏菩薩自心真言:「南麼三曼多勃馱喃(一) 阿迦奢三麼多弩蘖多(二) 微質怛囒嚩囉達囉(三) 莎訶(四)」
除一切蓋障菩薩真言:「南麼三曼多勃馱喃(一) 阿薩埵係多毘庾蘖多(二) 怛㘕怛㘕㘕㘕(三) 莎訶(四)」
觀世自在菩薩自心及眷屬真言:「南麼三曼多勃馱喃(一) 薩婆怛他蘖多嚩盧吉多(二) 羯嚕儜麼也(三) 囉囉[合*牛]若(四) 莎訶(五)」
地藏菩薩真言:「南麼三曼多勃馱喃(一) 訶訶訶(二) 素怛弩(三) 莎訶(四)」
文殊師利童子自心真言:「南麼三曼多勃馱喃(一) 係係俱摩囉迦(二) 微目吃底鉢他悉體多(三) 薩麼囉薩麼囉(四) 鉢囉底然(五) 莎訶(六)」
金剛手大金剛無勝三昧自心及眷屬真言:「南麼三曼多伐折囉赧(一) 戰拏麼訶路瑟赧(二) [合*牛]」
釋迦牟尼世尊寶處三昧自心及眷屬真言:「南麼三曼多勃馱喃(一) 薩婆吃麗奢[口*捐]素捺那(二) 薩婆達摩嚩始多鉢囉鉢多(三) 伽伽娜三摩三麼(四) 莎訶(五)」
大摧障聖者不動主真言:「南麼三曼多伐折囉赧(一) 戰拏摩訶路灑儜(二) 薩破吒也(三) [合*牛]怛囉迦(四) 悍漫(五)」
降三世真言:「南麼三曼多伐折囉赧(一) 訶訶訶(二) 微薩麼曳(三) 薩婆怛他揭多微灑也三婆嚩(四) 怛囇路枳也微若也(五) [合*牛]若(六) 莎訶(七)」
Samantabhadra's mantra of unobstructed power: Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ samatānugata vara-dharma-nirjāta mahā-mahā svāhā
Maitreya's own heart-mantra: Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ ajitañjaya sarva-sattva-śayānugata svāhā
Ākāśagarbha's own heart-mantra: Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ ākāśa-samatānugata vicitrāmbara-dhara svāhā
Sarvanīvaraṇaviṣkambhin's mantra: Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ a sattva-hitābhyudgata traṃ traṃ raṃ raṃ svāhā
Avalokiteśvara's own heart-mantra, and that of his retinue: Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ sarva-tathāgatāvalokita karuṇā-maya raraṃ hūṃ jaḥ svāhā
Kṣitigarbha's mantra: Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ ha ha ha sutanu svāhā
The youth Mañjuśrī's own heart-mantra: Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ he he kumāraka vimukti-patha-sthita smara smara pratijñāṃ svāhā
Vajrapāṇi's own heart-mantra of the great, unsurpassed vajra samādhi, and that of his retinue: Namaḥ samanta-vajrāṇāṃ caṇḍa mahā-roṣaṇa hūṃ
Śākyamuni's own heart-mantra of the samādhi of the jeweled place, and that of his retinue: Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ sarva-kleśa-nirsūdana sarva-dharma-vaśitā-prāpta gagana-samāsama svāhā
The mantra of the great obstacle-crushing holy lord Acala: Namaḥ samanta-vajrāṇāṃ caṇḍa-mahā-roṣaṇa sphoṭaya hūṃ traka haṃ māṃ
The mantra of Trailokyavijaya: Namaḥ samanta-vajrāṇāṃ ha ha ha vismaye sarva-tathāgata-viṣaya-saṃbhava trailokya-vijaya hūṃ jaḥ svāhā
The chapter continues with the mantra of every remaining figure of Part 2's maṇḍala in turn — Tārā, Bhṛkuṭī, Pāṇḍaravāsinī, Hayagrīva, Māmakī, Vajra-Śṛṅkhalā, and the rest of the lotus and vajra families; the deva-court figures of Indra, Yama, Varuṇa, Brahmā, the sun and moon gods, and the nāga-kings Nanda and Upananda; and the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas as classes of being in their own right — before closing with a single-syllable "heart" mantra for each of these same figures, the barest possible reduction of every full-length formula above to one Siddhaṃ letter.
菩提真言:阿
行真言:阿(去聲)
成菩提真言:暗
涅槃真言:噁
降三世真言:訶
不動尊真言:悍
除蓋障真言:阿(急呼)
觀自在真言:娑
金剛手真言:嚩
妙吉祥真言:瞞
虛空眼真言:嚴
法界真言:㘕
大勤勇真言:欠
多羅尊真言:耽
毘俱胝真言:勃履
得大勢真言:參
白處尊真言:半
何耶揭哩婆真言:含
釋迦牟尼真言:婆
地神真言:微
除疑怪真言:訶娑難
施一切無畏真言:囉娑難
除一切惡趣真言:特懵娑難
大慈生真言:諂
大悲纏真言:閻
除一切熱惱真言:縊
不思議慧真言:污
虛空無垢真言:含
虛空慧真言:鄰
清淨慧真言:蘖丹
行慧真言:地㘕
安慧真言:[合*牛]
Bodhi: A
Conduct: Ā
Attained bodhi: AṂ
Nirvāṇa: AḤ
Trailokyavijaya: HA
Acala: HĀṂ
Sarvanīvaraṇaviṣkambhin: A (short)
Avalokiteśvara: SA
Vajrapāṇi: VA
Mañjuśrī: MAṂ
Buddhalocanā: GAṂ
The dharma-realm: RAṂ
The Greatly Diligent One: KHAṂ
Tārā: TĀṂ
Bhṛkuṭī: BHRŪṂ
Mahāsthāmaprāpta: SAṂ
Pāṇḍaravāsinī: PAṂ
Hayagrīva: HAṂ
Śākyamuni: BHA
The earth deity: VI
Remover of Doubt: HASANAṂ
Giver of Every Fearlessness: RASANAṂ
Remover of Every Evil Destiny: STAMBHASANAṂ
Kindly Arising: CAṂ
Wrapped in Great Compassion: YAṂ
Remover of Burning Affliction: I
Inconceivable Wisdom: U
Stainless as Space: HAṂ
Space-Wisdom: RIṂ
Pure Wisdom: GATAṂ
Practice-Wisdom: DHIṂ
Peaceful Wisdom: HŪṂ
「祕密主!是等一切真言我已宣說。是中一切真言之心,汝當諦聽,所謂阿字門。念此一切諸真言心最為無上,是一切真言所住,於此真言而得決定。」
"Lord of Secrets, I have now proclaimed every one of these mantras. Listen closely to what is the very heart within every one of them: it is the gateway of the letter A. To hold this heart of every mantra in mind is the most supreme thing of all — it is what every mantra rests upon, and it is in this that certainty regarding mantra is found."
The four-syllable sequence A, Ā, AṂ, AḤ, opening this chapter's single-syllable list under the headings "bodhi," "conduct," "attained bodhi," and "nirvāṇa," became one of the most widely used formulas in the later Japanese Shingon tradition, still taught today as the "four transformations" (四転) — a single vowel lengthened, then closed with an anusvāra, then closed with a visarga, tracing the entire path from the arousing of bodhicitta to nirvāṇa within four modulations of a single sound. That the sūtra ends its treasury of dozens of elaborate, multi-syllable mantras by reducing every one of them back to this single letter is not a contradiction of the elaborate deity-specific formulas above it, but this chapter's own explicit thesis, stated plainly in its closing line: however many mantras a practitioner learns, their "heart," without exception, is the same syllable this collection's Part 3 already identified as the seed from which the entire forty-two-gate alphabet unfolds. Several of these single-syllable identifications resist confident phonetic reconstruction given the terseness of the source notation; where a reading is reasonably secure this page gives it, and elsewhere renders the transliteration as conservatively as the text allows.
Beginning the Recitation Practice
爾時世尊復告執金剛祕密主而說偈言:
「如真言教法, 成就於彼果,當字字相應, 句句亦如是,作心想念誦, 善住一洛叉。初字菩提心, 第二名為聲,句想為本尊, 而於自處作。第二句當知, 即諸佛勝句,行者觀住彼, 極圓淨月輪,於中諦誠想, 諸字如次第,中置字句等, 而想淨其命,命者所謂風, 念隨出入息,彼等淨除已, 作先持誦法,善住真言者, 次一月念誦,行者前方便, 一一句通達,諸佛大名稱, 說此先受持。次當隨所有, 奉塗香花等,為成正覺故, 迴向自菩提。如是於兩月, 真言當無畏。次滿此月已, 行者入持誦,山峯或牛欄, 及諸河潬等,四衢道一室, 神室大天室。彼漫茶羅處, 悉如金剛宮,是處而結護, 行者作成就。即以中夜分, 或於日出時,智者應當知, 有如是相現,[合*牛]聲或鼓音, 若復地震動,及聞虛空中, 有悅意言辭,應知如是相, 悉地總如意。諸佛兩足尊, 宣說於彼果,住是真言行, 必定當成佛,應一切種類, 常念持真言,古佛大仙說, 故應當憶念。」
At that time the World-Honored One said again to Vajrapāṇi in verse:
"As with the teaching of mantra, so with the accomplishment of its fruit: one should attune oneself, letter by letter, and phrase by phrase, in just the same way; making the mind's own visualization, one recites, resting well at one hundred thousand repetitions. The first letter is bodhicitta; the second is called sound; the visualized phrase is the deity contemplated (本尊), made present in its own proper place. Know that the second phrase is itself the supreme phrase of every buddha: the practitioner contemplates and dwells within it, a perfectly round and pure disc of the moon, and, sincerely visualizing within it, the letters arranged in due sequence, placing the syllable at its center, contemplates purifying the very life-force there — that life-force being the breath, held in mind as it moves in and out. Once these have been purified, one takes up the prior method of recitation; one who well abides in mantra should then recite for one full month, the practitioner's own prior skillful means penetrating each and every phrase, upheld first under the name of every buddha's own great renown. One should next, with whatever one has, make offering of scented paste and flowers, dedicating the merit toward one's own bodhi, for the sake of accomplishing true awakening. In this way, over two months, one becomes fearless in mantra. Once this second month is complete, the practitioner enters into recitation proper — upon a mountain peak, or in a cattle enclosure, or at a riverbank or sandbar, at a crossroads, in a solitary chamber, or in the hall of a spirit or a great deity. That maṇḍala site becomes, in every respect, a vajra palace; there, having bound and protected the place, the practitioner brings about accomplishment. Then, in the middle of the night, or at sunrise, the wise should know that signs such as these will appear: the sound HŪṂ, or the sound of a drum, or the earth itself may shake, and one may hear, from within the sky, words spoken in a pleasing voice — know that signs such as these mean that siddhi has been attained, exactly as wished. The buddhas, most honored among the two-footed, proclaim this very fruit: whoever abides in this mantra conduct will certainly attain buddhahood. One should, according to every kind of being, constantly hold mantra in mind and uphold it — this the buddhas and great sages of old have taught, and so it should be held always in remembrance."
This closing chapter of Part 4 marks the sūtra's own turn from doctrine and iconography toward a working practice schedule: a full month of preparatory recitation, purifying the visualized "life-force" of the breath moving through a mantra's syllables set upon a moon-disc at the heart, followed by a second month of dedicated practice, and only then a move to an actual retreat site — a mountain, a riverbank, a solitary room — where the site itself, once ritually bound, becomes "in every respect, a vajra palace," the same status Part 2 gave the maṇḍala proper. The specific signs of accomplishment named here — the seed-syllable HŪṂ heard aloud, a drum sound with no drum present, the earth shaking, a voice from empty space — recur as a stock vocabulary across the sūtra's remaining chapters, and mark the same category of confirming sign this collection's Part 2 already discussed in connection with a disciple's favorable initiation dreams: not private reassurance alone, but evidence a practitioner is meant to actually notice and trust.
“They Will Say This Is What the Non-Buddhists Teach”
Chapter three ends with the sūtra anticipating its own reception. It knows what it looks like, it names the objection in the objector’s own words, and it answers not by denying the resemblance but by relocating the question.
爾時金剛手白佛言:「世尊!如我解佛所說義,我亦如是知諸聖尊住本漫荼羅位令有威神,由彼如是住故。如來教勅無能隱蔽。何以故?世尊即一切諸真言三昧耶,所謂住於自種性故。是故真言門修菩薩行諸菩薩,亦當住於本位作諸事業。」
「又祕密主!若說諸色彼諸聖尊漫荼羅位、諸尊形相,當知亦爾,是則先佛所說。祕密主!於未來世劣慧無信眾生,聞如是說,不能信受,以無慧故而增疑惑。彼唯如聞堅住而不修行,自損損他作如是言:『彼諸外道有如是法,非佛所說。』彼無智人當作如是信解。」爾時世尊而說偈言:「一切智世尊, 諸法得自在,如其所通達, 方便度眾生。是諸先佛說, 利益求法者,彼愚夫不知, 諸佛之法相。我說一切法, 所有相皆空,常當住真言, 善決定作業。」
……爾時諸執金剛祕密主為上首,諸菩薩眾普賢為上首,稽首毘盧遮那佛,各各言音請白世尊:「樂欲於此大悲藏生大漫荼羅王,如所通達法界清淨門演說真言法句。」爾時世尊無壞法爾加持而告諸執金剛及菩薩言:「善男子!當說如所通達法界,淨除眾生界真實語句。」
Then Vajrapāṇi said to the Buddha: “World-Honored One! As I understand the meaning of what the Buddha has said, I know it likewise: that the holy ones, abiding in their own stations in the maṇḍala, have majestic power because they abide so. The Tathāgata’s command can be concealed by nothing. Why so? Because the World-Honored One is the samaya of all mantras — which is to say, because he abides in his own lineage-nature. And therefore bodhisattvas practicing the bodhisattva conduct by the gate of mantra should also abide in their own stations and perform the various works.”
“And further, Lord of Secrets: when the colors are declared, and the stations of those holy ones in the maṇḍala, and the forms and aspects of the honored ones — know that it is likewise, and that this is what the former buddhas declared. Lord of Secrets! In a future age, beings of weak wisdom and without faith, hearing this said, will not be able to believe and accept it; and being without wisdom, their doubts will grow. They will only hold firmly to what they have heard without practicing it, and injuring themselves and others they will speak thus: ‘The non-buddhists have such a teaching as this; it is not what the Buddha declared.’ Such is the faith and understanding those people without knowledge will arrive at.” Then the World-Honored One spoke this verse: “The World-Honored One of all wisdom, sovereign over all dharmas, according to what he has penetrated, delivers living beings by skillful means. These are what the former buddhas declared, for the benefit of those who seek the Dharma; but that foolish one does not know the dharma-aspect of the buddhas. I declare that of all dharmas, every aspect is empty; abide always in mantra, and perform the works well and with decision.”
…Then the vajra-holders with the Lord of Secrets at their head, and the assembly of bodhisattvas with Samantabhadra at their head, bowed to Mahāvairocana Buddha and, each with his own voice, entreated the World-Honored One: “We wish that, for this great king of maṇḍalas born of the Womb of Great Compassion, and according to the pure gateway of the dharma-realm he has penetrated, the phrases of the mantra teaching be declared.” Then the World-Honored One, by an empowerment that is the indestructible nature of things, said to the vajra-holders and the bodhisattvas: “Good men! I shall declare, according to the dharma-realm penetrated, the true words that purify the realm of living beings.”
Reading note — Ru-Yi Meditation Center
The objection the sūtra puts in its critics’ mouths — that this is what the non-buddhists teach and not what the Buddha taught — is the objection that was actually made, and is still made. What is notable is the answer. It does not argue that the maṇḍala’s colors and forms are unlike the non-buddhist ones. It says they came from the former buddhas, that the objector has not practiced, and then — in the verse — that every aspect of every dharma is empty anyway, so one should abide in mantra and get on with the work. The resemblance is not contested; its significance is.
Part 4 Complete
This closes Part 4: Acala invoked against storm, fear, and the deeper obstacle of one's own stinginess; a full treasury of mantras spoken by every figure in the Womb Maṇḍala, reduced at last to a single syllable each; and the opening of a working recitation schedule — two months of preparation before a practitioner ever sets out for an actual retreat site. Part 5 continues with three further chapters: 悉地出現品第六, on how siddhi actually manifests; 轉字輪漫荼羅行品第八 by way of 成就悉地品第七, on the maṇḍala of the revolving wheel of letters.
Continue to Part 5 — How Siddhi Manifests →