Chapter 4 · 梵網經 · The Ten Minds of Long Nurturing

The Same Ten Names, Nurtured Deeper

Vairocana Buddha turns to the second group of ten: loving-kindness, compassion, joy, giving up, giving, kind speech, benefiting, working alongside, concentration, and wisdom. Several of these names already appeared among the Ten Minds of Development — this is not repetition but deepening, the sutra's own word for what "long nurturing" actually means.

Translator: Ru-Yi Meditation Center Status: translation in progress Source: Taishō T24, no. 1484 Reading notes: Ru-Yi's own, cross-checked against the BDK Tripiṭaka translation

A note on this chapter's difficulty. As with Chapter 3, the classical Chinese here is exceptionally compressed, and Elder Master Wei Sung's own commentary on this section is not part of the free archive we have access to (see Chapter 2 for the full explanation). These reading notes are Ru-Yi's own, describing the pattern we find across all ten minds rather than claiming certainty about every clause.

1. Milestone: The Mind of Loving-Kindness (慈心) — A Wheel That Turns Without Ever Truly Turning

The second group of ten opens with loving-kindness, framed immediately as an activity that generates genuine happiness for others while never treating that happiness, or the beings who receive it, as anything fixed or independently real.

Chinese Source

盧舍那佛言:「千佛!汝先問長養十心者。若佛子!慈心者,常行慈心生樂因已,於無我智中樂相應觀入法,受想行識色等大法中,無生無住無滅如幻化,如如無二,故一切修行成法輪。化被一切,能生正信不由魔教,亦能使一切眾生得慈樂果,非實非善惡果,解空體性三昧。

Ru-Yi Translation

Vairocana Buddha said: "Buddhas of a thousand worlds, you have asked about the ten minds of long nurturing. Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of loving-kindness constantly practices loving-kindness, having already generated its cause of happiness, and, within the wisdom of no-self, enters the corresponding contemplation of phenomena — seeing feeling, perception, formations, consciousness, and form, these great categories of phenomena, as unborn, unabiding, and unceasing, like an illusion, all equally without duality. In this way every practice becomes a turning wheel of the dharma. Its transforming influence reaches everyone, able to give rise to genuine faith not derived from any demonic teaching, and able to let every being attain the fruit of loving-kindness's own happiness — a fruit that is neither ultimately real nor reducible to any fixed good or bad karmic result — and thereby understand the samādhi of emptiness at the very root of one's own true nature.

Ru-Yi's reading note

The five aggregates — form, feeling, perception, formations, and consciousness, the classical breakdown of everything a being actually is — appear here as the very thing loving-kindness contemplates as illusory even while it acts on another being's behalf. This is the same pattern from every mind in Chapter 3: a real, active virtue (here, generating happiness for others) is not treated as separate from seeing through the emptiness of the very persons involved, giver and receiver both. The passage's own name for what results is striking — "a fruit that is neither ultimately real nor reducible to any fixed good or bad karmic result" — since ordinary loving-kindness is usually praised precisely as a good karmic cause; here it is described as exceeding even that framework, because it never treated anyone involved as fixed enough to generate fixed karma in the first place.

2. Milestone: The Mind of Compassion (悲心) — Refusing to Cause Even the Smallest Disturbance

Compassion here is defined first through what it refuses to do — killing, stealing, or sexual misconduct against any being, of any relationship, however that being has behaved — before turning to how it actually removes suffering.

Chinese Source

「若佛子!悲心者,以悲空空無相。悲緣行道,自滅一切苦,於一切眾生無量苦中生智。不殺生緣、不殺法緣、不著我緣,故常行不殺、不盜、不婬,而一眾生不惱。發菩提心者,於空見一切法如實相,種性行中生道智心,於六親六惡親惡三品中與上樂智,上惡緣中九品得樂。果空現時,自身他一切眾生平等,一樂起大悲。

Ru-Yi Translation

Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of compassion: their compassion is itself empty, without any fixed mark. Taking compassion as the very condition for practicing the path, they dissolve all suffering in themselves, and give rise to genuine understanding amid the immeasurable suffering of every being. Not clinging to any condition for killing, any teaching that would justify killing, or any notion of a fixed self, they constantly refrain from killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct, so that not a single being is ever disturbed by them. One who has given rise to the bodhi-mind sees the true reality of every phenomenon within emptiness, gives rise to a mind of path-wisdom amid the conduct proper to their own spiritual lineage, and bestows the highest wisdom of happiness upon close relations, distant relations, and hostile beings alike across all three grades of relationship, bringing happiness even to the ninefold gradations of the most hostile conditions. When the fruit of emptiness itself becomes manifest, oneself and every other being stand equal, and this single happiness gives rise to great compassion.

Ru-Yi's reading note

The passage's concrete ethical content is unambiguous — no killing, no stealing, no sexual misconduct, toward anyone, "so that not a single being is ever disturbed." What is less expected is where this leads: not simply toward close family and friends, but explicitly toward "close relations, distant relations, and hostile beings alike," extended across nine full gradations of hostility. Compassion, on this reading, is measured precisely by whether it still functions once the recipient has become genuinely hostile — a theme that returns, considerably sharpened, when the Brahma Net Sutra's own precepts later insist a bodhisattva must never entirely abandon even a violently precept-breaking being.

3. Milestone: The Mind of Joy (喜心) — Choosing Good Companions, Renouncing Bad Ones

Joy in this second group of ten turns outward toward the whole of saṃsāra's suffering, and becomes practical: seeking out genuine spiritual friends, renouncing companions who would lead one astray, and bringing others to the same joy of entering the Buddha's own family.

Chinese Source

「若佛子!喜心者,悅喜無生心時。種性體相道智空空,喜心不著我所。出沒三世因果無集,一切有入空觀行成,等喜一切眾生,起空入道捨惡知識,求善知識示我好道,使諸眾生入佛法家。法中常起歡喜入法位中,復令是諸眾生入正信,捨邪見、背六道苦故喜。

Ru-Yi Translation

Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of joy: delighting in joy at the very moment of the unborn mind, the very substance and marks of one's own spiritual lineage and path-wisdom are themselves empty of any fixed nature, and this joyful mind holds nothing as its own possession. Moving through the causes and effects of past, present, and future without accumulating anything fixed, and having accomplished the contemplation that every existing thing enters emptiness, one holds this same joy equally toward every being — arising from emptiness to enter the path, renouncing companions of unwholesome influence, and seeking out genuinely good spiritual friends who reveal the good path to oneself, so that all beings may enter the Buddha's own household. Constantly giving rise to joyful delight within the teaching itself and entering the very rank of the dharma, one further leads these same beings into genuine faith, and rejoices at their leaving false views behind and turning their backs on the suffering of the six destinies.

Ru-Yi's reading note

This second mind of joy differs in emphasis from the ninth mind of the previous chapter (which held delight at another's happiness as a form of stillness): here joy is explicitly social and relational, built around the practical act of choosing one's companions — actively renouncing "companions of unwholesome influence" and actively seeking out "genuinely good spiritual friends." The passage treats this as inseparable from compassion for the whole of saṃsāra: the joy described is not private contentment but delight specifically at watching others turn away from wrong view and the suffering of the six destinies, which is why the passage can move, within a single sentence, from an individual's own unborn mind to leading "all beings" into the Buddha's household.

4. Milestone: The Mind of Giving Up (捨心) — Equanimity That Still Gives Away Everything

The name "giving up" returns from Chapter 3, but here it reads closer to equanimity — an even, undivided regard toward good and bad alike — while still, in the same breath, describing the total renunciation of body and possessions already familiar from its first appearance.

Chinese Source

「若佛子!捨心者,常生捨心。無造無相空法中如虛空,於善惡有見無見罪福二中,平等一照。非人非我所心,而自他體性不可得,為大捨。及自身肉手足男女國城,如幻化水流燈焰一切捨,而無生心,常修其捨。

Ru-Yi Translation

Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of giving up: constantly giving rise to this mind of giving up, within the uncreated, markless dharma of emptiness, like empty space itself, they hold good and bad, seen and unseen, wrongdoing and blessing, all in one and the same even regard. Neither a fixed person nor a fixed notion of what belongs to oneself, and since the true substance of self and other alike cannot actually be found, this is called great giving-up. Even one's own flesh, hands, feet, sons and daughters, and kingdoms and cities are all given up, like an illusion, like flowing water, like the flame of a lamp — and, with no mind of arising attached to any of it, one constantly cultivates this same giving-up.

Ru-Yi's reading note

Comparing this passage with the first mind of Chapter 3 (also named 捨心, "giving up") shows what "long nurturing" actually adds to "development": the earlier mind emphasized the object given away and the emptiness of self and other revealed by giving it; this one emphasizes the evenness of regard that makes such giving possible in the first place — "good and bad, seen and unseen, wrongdoing and blessing, all in one and the same even regard." The concrete list of what is renounced — flesh, hands, feet, children, kingdoms — is nearly identical to before, but it now follows from equanimity already established, rather than being the thing that establishes it.

5. Milestone: The Mind of Giving (施心) — Five Kinds of Giving, Body Included

Where the previous mind gave up, this one gives: body, speech, mind, wealth, and the dharma itself, extended to every being without treating any one form of giving as more or less real than another.

Chinese Source

「若佛子!施心者,能以施心被一切眾生,身施、口施、意施、財施、法施。教導一切眾生,內身外身國城男女田宅皆如如相,乃至無念財物。受者、施者亦內亦外無合無散。無心行化達理達施,一切相現在前行。

Ru-Yi Translation

Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of giving: able to extend this mind of giving to every being, through giving of the body, giving of speech, giving of the mind, giving of wealth, and giving of the dharma. Teaching every being, one's inner body and outer body, kingdoms, cities, sons and daughters, and fields and dwellings are all held in the same suchness, down to and including having no thought at all attached to any possession. Receiver and giver, whether considered as inner or outer, neither truly combine nor truly separate. Practicing this transformation without any grasping mind, penetrating both its underlying principle and its actual practice, every mark of it now stands directly present.

Ru-Yi's reading note

The fivefold list here — giving of body, speech, mind, wealth, and dharma — is broader than the familiar twofold division of material giving and dharma-giving found in many later systematic accounts of generosity; body, speech, and mind are each treated as their own distinct gift, which lines up with how later chapters of this same sutra (in the ten major and forty-eight minor precepts) will repeatedly ask a bodhisattva to give attention, courtesy, and teaching through exactly these three channels, not only material support. The passage's closing claim — that giver and receiver "neither truly combine nor truly separate" — is the same non-dual reading already applied to giving up in the mind before it, now applied to giving in the positive sense.

6. Milestone: The Mind of Kind Speech (好語心) — Speech That Harmonizes Without Ever Arguing

Kind speech is defined here as speech that resolves conflict rather than merely sounding pleasant — a speech aligned with ultimate truth, spoken from a mind free of anger and contention.

Chinese Source

「若佛子!好語心者,入體性愛語三昧,第一義諦法語義語。一切實語者皆順一語,調和一切眾生心無瞋無諍,一切法空智無緣,常生愛心行順佛意,亦順一切他人。以聖法語教諸眾生,常行如心發起善根。

Ru-Yi Translation

Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of kind speech: entering the samādhi of loving speech at the very root of their own true nature, they speak the ultimate truth's own dharma-words and meaning-words. Every truthful word alike accords with this same single speech, harmonizing the minds of every being so that no anger and no contention remains, since the wisdom of emptiness underlying every phenomenon has no fixed condition to fight over. Constantly giving rise to a loving mind, their conduct accords with the Buddha's own intention, and equally accords with every other being. Teaching every being with the noble speech of the true dharma, they constantly practice with a mind of suchness, and thereby give rise to wholesome roots.

Ru-Yi's reading note

The passage grounds kind speech in something more specific than general gentleness: it is speech that "accords with this same single speech" — meaning every truthful utterance, however it varies in tone or content, ultimately harmonizes around one and the same underlying truth, which is precisely why it can dissolve anger and contention rather than merely avoiding harsh words. This gives kind speech a content requirement, not only a manner requirement: speech that harmonizes beings by pointing them, directly or indirectly, back toward the same truth every truthful statement shares.

7. Milestone: The Mind of Benefiting (利益心) — Seven Kinds of Wealth, Gathered for Others

Benefiting others here means actively accumulating the resources — described through the classical seven kinds of noble wealth — needed to actually help, then using body, speech, and mind together to shake entire worlds toward the path.

Chinese Source

「若佛子!利益心者,利益心時以實智體性廣行智道,集一切明焰法門,集觀行七財。前人得利益故,受身命而入利益三昧,現一切身、一切口、一切意而震動大世界。一切所為所作,他人入法種、空種、道種中得益得樂。現形六道,無量苦惱之事不以為患,但益人為利。

Ru-Yi Translation

Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of benefiting: at the very moment of this benefiting mind, one broadly practices the path of wisdom through the substance of genuine wisdom, gathering every luminous dharma-gate, and gathering the seven kinds of contemplative wealth. For the sake of another person's genuine benefit, one takes up body and life itself and enters the samādhi of benefiting, manifesting every kind of body, every kind of speech, and every kind of mind, thereby shaking the whole of every great world. In everything done and everything undertaken, others come to gain benefit and happiness within the seed of the dharma, the seed of emptiness, and the seed of the path. Manifesting a form within any of the six destinies, one is untroubled even by immeasurable suffering and hardship there, taking only the benefiting of others as one's own genuine gain.

Ru-Yi's reading note

"The seven kinds of contemplative wealth" refers to a classical list — faith, discipline, learning, generosity, shame at wrongdoing, a sense of moral scruple before others, and wisdom — treated in Buddhist literature as noble riches more durable than any material fortune, since they cannot be stolen or lost the way ordinary wealth can. Naming this list here makes the mind of benefiting concrete rather than merely well-intentioned: benefiting others is described as requiring genuine accumulated resources, not simply good will, which is why the passage can move directly from "gathering" this wealth to "taking up body and life itself" on another's behalf without any sense of contradiction.

8. Milestone: The Mind of Working Alongside (同心) — Entering Every Destiny Without Becoming Fixed in Any

This eighth mind describes a bodhisattva taking on countless bodies and forms across all six destinies of rebirth, matching whatever a given being's circumstances actually are, while never becoming genuinely fixed in any of them.

Chinese Source

「若佛子!同心者,以道性智同空,無生法中以無我智同生,無二空同原境。諸法如相,常生常住常滅世法相續流轉無量,而能現無量形身色心等業,入諸六道一切事同。空同無生、我同無物,而分身散形,故入同法三昧。

Ru-Yi Translation

Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of working alongside: through the wisdom of the path's own nature, one is equally empty; within the dharma of the unborn, through the wisdom of no-self, one equally arises; through the emptiness beyond duality, one shares the very same underlying ground with every being. Every phenomenon, in its suchness, constantly arises, constantly abides, and constantly ceases, and the affairs of the world continue to flow on in immeasurable succession — yet one is able to manifest immeasurable forms, bodies, and mental activities, entering every single circumstance of the six destinies equally alongside those within them. Being equally empty, equally unborn, and equally without any fixed self or possession, one divides and disperses one's own form accordingly, and thereby enters the samādhi of working alongside all phenomena.

Ru-Yi's reading note

The classical six destinies — hell-being, hungry ghost, animal, asura, human, and god — represent the full range of possible rebirth, and this passage's claim is a strong one: a bodhisattva at this stage manifests forms within every one of them, matching whatever beings are actually found there. What keeps this from becoming an ordinary, karmically bound rebirth into those same states is the passage's own repeated qualifier — "equally empty, equally unborn" — since a bodhisattva working alongside beings in a hell-realm, on this reading, is not trapped there by karma the way its other inhabitants are, but present there precisely because the same underlying emptiness that applies to every realm applies there too.

9. Milestone: The Mind of Emptiness (空心) — A Hundred Samādhis, Ten Dhyāna Branches

Named here as "the mind of emptiness" rather than "concentration" (its name in the original fortyfold list), this ninth mind describes a contemplative stability so complete that no genuine coming-together or scattering of any being, self or other, can actually be found.

Chinese Source

「若佛子!空心者,復從定心觀慧證空,心心靜緣,於我所法識界色界中而不動轉。逆順出沒故,常入百三昧、十禪支,以一念智作是見,一切我人若內若外眾生種子皆無合散,集成起作而不可得。

Ru-Yi Translation

Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of emptiness: proceeding further from the mind of concentration, through contemplative wisdom, one realizes emptiness, each thought resting on a still condition, remaining unmoved within whatever belongs to a fixed self, the realm of consciousness, or the realm of form. Moving through every manner of arising and ceasing, whether in accordance with or against the ordinary way of things, one constantly enters a hundred samādhis and the ten branches of dhyāna, and, through the wisdom of a single thought, sees clearly that every notion of self and other, whether reckoned as inner or outer, and every seed of every being, neither truly comes together nor truly scatters apart — nothing here can actually be found as a genuine, formed, active thing at all.

Ru-Yi's reading note

The sutra's own naming list back in Chapter 2 called this ninth mind "concentration" (定心), yet the passage expounding it here is titled "the mind of emptiness" (空心) instead — a small but genuine discrepancy worth noting rather than silently smoothing over, and one that recurs at several points across this same forty-mind sequence, where a name given in the initial list and the heading actually expounding it do not always match exactly. Read together with its content, the discrepancy makes a kind of sense: this passage explicitly begins "proceeding further from the mind of concentration," suggesting emptiness is being described here as what concentration itself matures into, rather than as an entirely separate quality.

10. Milestone: The Mind of Wisdom (慧心) — Closing the Ten Minds of Long Nurturing

The tenth mind closes this second group exactly as the first group closed with its summit mind: a wisdom that stands beyond the five aggregates, beyond self, beyond cause and effect, and beyond even the three times, shining like a single unwavering flame.

Chinese Source

「若佛子!慧心者,作慧見心觀諸邪見結患等縛,無決定體性,順忍空同故。非陰、非界、非入、非眾生、非一我、非因果、非三世法。慧性起光光一焰,明明見虛無受。其慧方便生長養心,是心入起空空道,發無生心。上千海明王品已說心百法明門。」

Ru-Yi Translation

Disciples of the Buddha, one who has the mind of wisdom: giving rise to a wisdom that clearly sees the bondage of every false view and every affliction, one finds no fixed, determinate nature anywhere in them, according with the patient acceptance of emptiness shared equally by all things. This wisdom is not the five aggregates, not the eighteen elements, not the twelve sense-fields, not any fixed being, not a single fixed self, not cause and effect, and not confined to any of the three times. The very nature of this wisdom gives rise to a single, unwavering flame of light, seeing with total clarity into what is empty, without grasping at anything received. This wisdom's own skillful means gives rise to the mind of long nurturing itself, and this mind enters the very path that gives rise to emptiness, bringing forth the unborn mind. This is explained at length above, in the chapter of the Thousand Ocean-Wisdom Kings, on the hundred dharma-gates of illumination of the mind."

Ru-Yi's reading note

This closing wisdom is defined almost entirely through negation — not the aggregates, not the elements, not the sense-fields, not self, not cause and effect, not the three times — a list that systematically empties out every classical category a being or phenomenon might be analyzed into. What is left, the passage says, is "a single, unwavering flame of light": not nothing, but a clarity that no longer needs any of those categories to describe what it sees. This closes the Ten Minds of Long Nurturing in full. The Ten Vajra Minds — beginning with faith — open in the chapter that follows.