Kātyāyanīputra · Five Hundred Arhats · Xuánzàng · 大毘婆沙論

The great commentary.

The Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra — "the great commentary of options" — is the vast Sarvāstivāda compendium compiled, tradition holds, by five hundred arhats at a council in Kashmir to defend and expand Kātyāyanīputra's own root treatise, the Jñānaprasthāna. Two hundred fascicles long, it is the fullest surviving record of the Vaibhāṣika school's internal debates — named master against named master, question by question — and the very compendium Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośa was later written to condense. This page is the entrance for reading it fascicle by fascicle, as the translation proceeds.

How to read this collection

This is the largest single work in this section of the site — ten times the length of the Abhidharmakośa already translated in full here. Rather than wait to publish it all at once, Ru-Yi is translating and posting it fascicle by fascicle, starting from the very beginning: fascicle 1, the treatise's own prose preface, arguing for the work's authority before its technical content begins.

Fascicle 1 is live now. It carries no root-verse-and-commentary structure of its own — from fascicle 2 onward, the treatise settles into the form it sustains for the rest of its length: a topic or verse from the Jñānaprasthāna, followed by the recorded, often conflicting positions of named Vaibhāṣika masters on what it means.

What each fascicle will include

  • A plain-English translation, made fresh from Xuánzàng's Chinese, source and translation set side by side.
  • Key Sanskrit and Chinese technical terms, explained once and used consistently with Ru-Yi's other Abhidharma translations.
  • Reading notes on the argument's structure, and on how named masters' positions here connect to later treatises, including the Abhidharmakośa.
200 fascicles in Xuánzàng's translation (T1545)
8 chapters (蘊), expounding Kātyāyanīputra's Jñānaprasthāna

A note on sources. This translation is made directly from the Chinese text in the Taishō canon (大正藏 T1545, vol. 27), which is in the public domain, via the CBETA digital edition. No complete modern English translation of this treatise exists; a small number of individual fascicles and topical excerpts have been rendered by specialist scholars over the years, but none of that scholarship is reproduced or paraphrased here — the English wording throughout is Ru-Yi's own, and the reading notes are original as well, grounded in standard Sarvāstivāda scholarship rather than a specific named commentator's lecture transcript.

The Eight Chapters

According to this treatise's own fascicle 1, Kātyāyanīputra organized the many lines of argument the Buddha taught into eight chapters (蘊), each gathering discourse on one broad topic. The Mahāvibhāṣā takes up this same structure, chapter by chapter, across its full two hundred fascicles.

Chapter 1
Skandhaka
雜蘊 · Miscellaneous
Discourse on a variety of distinct topics that did not fit under any of the other seven chapters.
Saṃyojana-skandhaka
結蘊 · Fetters
The fetters that bind beings to rebirth, and how they are cut.
Jñāna-skandhaka
智蘊 · Knowledge
The kinds of knowledge, mundane and supramundane, and what each takes as its object.
Karma-skandhaka
業蘊 · Karma
Action and its ripening — the same subject the Abhidharmakośa treats in its own Chapter 4.
Mahābhūta-skandhaka
大種蘊 · Great Elements
Earth, water, fire, and wind — the elements composing all matter.
Indriya-skandhaka
根蘊 · Faculties
The governing faculties and the conditions by which dharmas arise.
Samāpatti-skandhaka
定蘊 · Meditative Absorption
The dhyānas and formless attainments, and how each is entered and left.
Dṛṣṭi-skandhaka
見蘊 · Views
Wrong views and their varieties, and the right view that overturns them.

Read by Fascicle

Two hundred fascicles, translated as the project proceeds. Fascicle 1 links to Ru-Yi's own plain-English essay and translation; every other fascicle links out to the source text on CBETA until its own translation is ready.

Fascicle 1 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the treatise's prose preface — authorship, the three baskets, why the treatise was composed, Abhidharma's own definition, and a dozen masters' etymologies. Fascicle 2 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Miscellaneous Chapter opens with "supreme mundane dharma" — some twenty reasons for its priority, the eight chapters' hidden causal logic, and named masters' rival definitions. Fascicle 3 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: still on supreme mundane dharma — a six-term etymology of "foremost," who relinquishes an ordinary being's nature, and why it belongs to the form realm alone. Fascicle 4 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why it cannot belong to the formless realm, which of three meditative stages it occupies, and the six-army simile for how higher stages cultivate lower ones. Fascicle 5 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why it can never retrogress (the five great rivers simile), and forbearance's gradual narrowing down to the single moment before the path of seeing. Fascicle 6 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: summit and heat's etymologies, and the story of Aśvaka and Punarvasu, whom the Buddha declared farther from the Dharma than earth from sky. Fascicle 7 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the seventeen-gate analysis of all four roots, the bodhisattva's one-sitting attainment, and the classic meditation curriculum from eighteen elements to four truths. Fascicle 8 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a new topic opens — identity-view's twenty statements, a combinatorial survey to 936 varieties, and the Kashmiri Dharma Master Dārlapa's boast tested across a rebirth. Fascicle 9 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the eight-view survey concludes an investigation running since Fascicle 2, and a new nyāsa opens mid-fascicle — can any knowledge or consciousness know itself? Fascicle 10 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the non-self aspect's profile concludes, then causation itself comes under scrutiny — can two minds ever cause or take each other as object? Fascicle 11 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: an exhaustive combinatorial survey of mind-succession, then a genuinely hard question — how can anyone remember, without a persisting self? Fascicle 12 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: memory without a self concludes with seal-carvers and telepaths, then why an offering for the dead reaches only hungry ghosts, and no other destiny. Fascicle 13 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: one eye or two sees form, the bodhisattva's supernaturally acute senses, then a new question — is everything past also "not manifest"? Fascicle 14 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: past, exhausted, and ceased fetters conclude; then doubt itself, and a treatise on language with a practical meditation for defusing anger at insult. Fascicle 15 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the theory of language concludes, then the classification of questions and answers, closing with the outsider Śāṇḍilya defeated in silence by the arhat Vasula. Fascicle 16 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why the Buddha called his disciples fools, then one of Sarvāstivāda philosophy's most important doctrines opens — the six causes. Fascicle 17 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: an exhaustive combinatorial map of mind-following precepts, the puzzle of Buddhas awakening under different lifespans, then the homogeneous-cause opens. Fascicle 18 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: whether matter's own homogeneous-cause crosses between bodies, the Venerable Mṛgaśiras haunted by a past life, then the universally-pervasive-cause opens. Fascicle 19 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why wrong view never spans all three realms at once, then the ripening-cause opens — the seed in good soil explaining why only some dharmas ever bear fruit. Fascicle 20 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the sea-monster whose crushed body turned the ocean to blood, then the sixth and final cause opens and closes — why a fingertip can never touch itself. Fascicle 21 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the monk and the bandit explain why arising and ceasing never coincide, all six causes cross-tabulated, then the four conditions open. Fascicle 22 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a new nyāsa opens on minds "possessing latent tendency," and the sick man's staff shows how one latent tendency is cut off through another's own cutting-off. Fascicle 23 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Person Nyāsa opens on the twelve-linked dependent origination, and the Buddha's own bodhi-tree contemplation traced forward and backward. Fascicle 24 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Bodhisattva's own forward and backward bodhi-tree contemplation, and six masters on why it turns back precisely at consciousness. Fascicle 25 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: wisdom and ignorance open, the Wheel-Turning Monarch whose kingdom traces to slandering the path, and the eye that sees by day versus by night. Fascicle 26 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: mindfulness of breathing opens, why the fourth dhyāna stops breath entirely, and three deities disputing whether the Buddha's motionless body is alive. Fascicle 27 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: is mind originally pure, refuted through the sun and moon obscured by the asura Rāhu's shadowing hand, and which moment of mind attains full liberation. Fascicle 28 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the diamond-like concentration that cuts every affliction at once, four masters' rival tallies of how many exist, and renunciation through dispassion and liberation to nirvāṇa. Fascicle 29 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: Ānanda's visit to the elder Nāmasthavira, the Person Nyāsa concludes, and a new nyāsa opens on love and respect, and on offering and reverence toward the Three Jewels. Fascicle 30 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the strict hierarchy of who may teach whom, the Bodhisattva's bodily strength escalating through legendary elephants to boundlessness, and the Buddha's ten powers of mind. Fascicle 31 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four fearlessnesses, great compassion's etymology culminating in a buddha disguised as a potter, and the three kinds of cessation open with an escalating entity-count debate. Fascicle 32 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: fourteen names for nirvāṇa each unpacked through etymology, and the two nirvāṇa-realms open with a physiological account of an arhat's final hours. Fascicle 33 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a staged debate on whether nirvāṇa is a learner's, the five aggregates of one beyond training, and the story of Susīma sent to steal the Buddha's teaching. Fascicle 34 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: King Bahulobha deceived by Śakra, the Three Refuges redefined toward the Dharma-body and cessation itself, and a new nyāsa opens on shamelessness and lack of moral dread. Fascicle 35 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: shame and moral dread as the two bright dharmas, and how wrong view severs the wholesome roots entirely — and how, remarkably, even this fall can be reconnected. Fascicle 36 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the conventional knowledge on the border of direct realization that never actually manifests, and the six constant abidings that make an arhat's mind forever equanimous. Fascicle 37 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: whether a past mind decays, and a remarkable investigation into dreams — merit growing while asleep, and why the Buddha alone among all beings never dreams. Fascicle 38 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: two bandits binding and blinding their victim, a latent tendency of ignorance that arises through its own power alone, and the Characteristics Nyāsa's opening refutation of five rival schools. Fascicle 39 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: whether arising, aging, and cessation share one instant, why gray hair and corpses don't appear at every moment, and Māra's own verse-challenge to the newly-enlightened Buddha. Fascicle 40 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the contemplation of unattractiveness in full step-by-step detail, and the Venerable Aniruddha's own failed attempt to see four heavenly maidens as impure. Fascicle 41 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the eighty-four thousand ministers of Magadha who attained stream-entry after a violent death, and the precise difference between great desire and few desires. Fascicle 42 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: an elephant reborn as an arhat, the three wisdoms of hearing, reflection, and cultivation, and the foundational taxonomy of the five categories of mental factors. Fascicle 43 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: overreaching pride, the mistaken conviction of having attained a realization one has not actually reached, and a sevenfold taxonomy of pride itself. Fascicle 44 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the future Buddha's own unwholesome thoughts before enlightenment, whether the Buddha's body is contaminated, and nine meanings hidden within the word for discipline. Fascicle 45 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: what makes an ordinary being ordinary, and an exhaustive map of the eight limbs of the wrong eightfold path — the closing fascicle of the Miscellaneous Aggregates chapter. Fascicle 46 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the opening of the Fetters Aggregate, the three fetters cut off at stream-entry, and why a stream-enterer undergoes at most seven further states of existence. Fascicle 47 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the three unwholesome roots, the three contaminants, and the causal chain from ignorance's own leprous-insect blindness all the way to pride. Fascicle 48 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four floods, yokes, graspings, and bodily ties, and the five hindrances illustrated through five trees whose tiny seeds choke an entire forest. Fascicle 49 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a condemned man held by two jailers and hunted by three roving watchmen, the Buddha's correction of Māluṅkyaputra, and a sea creature whose bite only a blade can loose. Fascicle 50 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a fish patiently tracking a bird's shadow across the ocean, a grammatical-gender argument for splitting the five views, and Śakra's own question to the Buddha about why gods and asuras fight. Fascicle 51 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: fire banked beneath ash and the verse on delayed karmic ripening, an inchworm retreating at a summit with nothing higher to grasp, and Anāthapiṇḍika's four-runged ladder. Fascicle 52 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a Brahmā deity who mistook his own realm for permanent, refuted through flowers and fruit that have already fallen, and Māra's exposed and humiliated retreat. Fascicle 53 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a lamp whose brightness breaks the darkness while burning its own wick, and the nun Gopikā and the three monks who loved their own beautiful voices more than the Dharma they carried. Fascicle 54 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the seven persons on the path, a faith-follower who never pauses to ask whether an instruction suits him, and fourteen ways of telling him apart from the dharma-follower who examines everything first. Fascicle 55 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four conditions defended through a sick man needing four attendants or three or two but never one alone — closing the Unwholesome Nyāsa entirely. Fascicle 56 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: opens the Single-Class-of-Conduct Nyāsa — a beautiful woman entering an assembly draws seven different reactions, and eleven reasons the higher realms lack the fetter of hatred. Fascicle 57 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Vinaya's two kinds of purity solve a puzzle about disjunction, a systematic tetralemma mapping of the fetters against one another, and a donor's unequal gift to two monks. Fascicle 58 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a new axis on binding across past, future, and present — traversing the six — worked out exhaustively for craving against hatred, envy, stinginess, conceit, and ignorance. Fascicle 59 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: refuting the view that dharmas contain another's nature, and enumerating exactly how many of the ninety-eight latent tendencies each fetter contains. Fascicle 60 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: which fetters cause rebirth in each realm, which absorption cuts off which fetter, and the Sarvāstivāda defense of an arhat's own capacity to regress from his attainment. Fascicle 61 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: three seers who fell from the sky through sight, touch, and hearing, and why the higher three fruits of the path can regress while stream-entry alone never can. Fascicle 62 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: six kinds of arhat along a nine-grade scale of faculty, Gotika's case resolved, and the nine kinds of full understanding across the entire path. Fascicle 63 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: opens the Sentient-Being Nyāsa with a birth-narrative, and the systematic account of sudden and gradual binding across the three realms. Fascicle 64 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: three ways a noble one dies, the worldly path's six aspects, and the exhaustive fruit-containment ledger from two sections up through fifteen. Fascicle 65 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why exactly four fruits of a śramaṇa, and why the desire realm alone requires two of them to finally escape. Fascicle 66 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why worldly-path fruits still bear the name śramaṇa, the Ajātaśatru and Lion's Roar sutras on true śramaṇahood, and the ledger of which dharmas belong to which fruit. Fascicle 67 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the fourfold tetralemma of dharma-possession across the four fruits, and whether resolve-through-faith ever sharpens its faculty into attainment-through-vision. Fascicle 68 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: completing the faculty-change ledger through the arhat's sixfold hierarchy, then opening the intermediate-state doctrine between death and rebirth. Fascicle 69 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the historic debate over whether the intermediate state exists, whether it counts as a destiny, and three stories testing whether its karma can be diverted. Fascicle 70 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the full anatomy of the intermediate state — duration, form, clothing, food, and entering the womb — closing the Sentient-Being Nyāsa in its entirety. Fascicle 71 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: opens the Ten Gates Nyāsa with the eighteen elements — Śāriputra's fearless request, and a detailed definition of each element through same-class and counterpart-class. Fascicle 72 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: citta, manas, and vijñāna distinguished, and an exhaustive ledger of same-realm versus different-realm binding across every sense and mental faculty. Fascicle 73 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: completing the purification ledger, then opening the twelve sense-fields with the brahmin Janapada's question about "the all." Fascicle 74 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: completing the twelve sense-fields with Śāriputra's own praise of the Buddha, then opening the five aggregates. Fascicle 75 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the five grasping-aggregates and fear's own nature, the six elements including space itself, and whether mirror-reflections and echoes are genuinely real. Fascicle 76 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: whether the Buddha's own body is contaminated, Sumeru unmoved by the eight worldly winds, and an extended treatment of past, future, and present dharma. Fascicle 77 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four masters' rival theories of the three times, and the treatise's celebrated opening treatment of the Four Noble Truths. Fascicle 78 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the rescuing dharma and the brahmin Dṛḍhika, why the truths are named "noble," and an extensive treatment of why craving alone is the truth of accumulation. Fascicle 79 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: completing the Four Noble Truths — the sixteen aspects, the four heavenly kings' many languages, and Dharmatrāta's alarm at a reversed scriptural sequence. Fascicle 80 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: opens the four dhyānas — why so named, the eighteen dhyāna-limbs, the four heavenly paths, and the first and second dhyānas. Fascicle 81 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: completes the third and fourth dhyānas, why the dhyānas alone are abodes of pleasure, and opens the four immeasurables. Fascicle 82 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the preliminary practice for the four immeasurables, the Buddha's seven years of loving-kindness, and the four persons who generate brahma-merit. Fascicle 83 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: great compassion, narratives of the Buddha's universal loving-kindness, and opens the four formless attainments. Fascicle 84 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: completes the four formless attainments and treats the eight liberations, anchored in King Prasenajit's elephant. Fascicle 85 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the eight liberations veiled behind a monk's question, the eight masteries, and the ten totalities. Fascicle 86 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a systematic analysis of how the ninety-eight latent tendencies increase with respect to the faculties, elements, truths, and fetters. Fascicle 87 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: how the latent tendencies bind one another, directed thought and sustained reflection, and a new classification of consciousness argued against the Dārṣṭāntikas. Fascicle 88 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the sixteen-consciousness classification continued through the mind, pleasure, joy, and sorrow faculties, the sense elements, and the aggregates. Fascicle 89 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: completing the sixteen-consciousness classification and opening the immediately-equal antecedent condition, including the path of seeing's own faculty that gives rise to no mind at all. Fascicle 90 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: who possesses each faculty, Mahāprajāpatī and the meaning of "great man," full comprehension and realization through cessation, and the architecture of the Ten Gates Nyāsa revealed. Fascicle 91 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the measureless further permutations previewed in fascicle 90, worked through for each faculty's own cessation and its own path of cutting it off. Fascicle 92 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: full comprehension, realization through cessation, and possession cross-referenced against a fivefold bondage classification — closing the Fetters Aggregate in its entirety. Fascicle 93 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Knowledge Aggregate opens with the reality of possession, the ancient path resolved through Dharmadinnā, and the four kinds of practice-path. Fascicle 94 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four practice-paths across every stage, Mālā's Mother's challenge to the Buddha, and the etymology of "arhat." Fascicle 95 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: vision, knowledge, and wisdom distinguished through the śiśumāra simile, who possesses them across every stage, and whether the awakening-factors arise all at once or one by one. Fascicle 96 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the thirty-seven factors of enlightenment, their genuine substance, and how a single spark of listening can be credited with cutting off the five hindrances. Fascicle 97 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the raft simile's own resolution, ten teachers on what counts as dharma, and a new nyāsa opening mid-fascicle with the question, what is wrong view? Fascicle 98 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Great Brahmā's own lonely creation myth, the Buddha's accompanying light, and the long-nailed ascetic's dialectical defeat. Fascicle 99 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the causal circumstance of Mahādeva and the schism it produced, and the monkey who offered the Buddha honey. Fascicle 100 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Great Snow Mountains simile, the Venerable Śubha's five hundred lifetimes, and what a being newly reborn in hell can still briefly know. Fascicle 101 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a wolf's five-hundred-lifetime grudge, the caṇḍāla king who authored a proud brāhmaṇa's own scripts, and why five kinds of arhat share one name while a sixth stands alone. Fascicle 102 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the wish-fulfilling jewel of unshakeable liberation, the classic fourfold arhat proclamation, and why only the Buddha's own knowledge of exhaustion is honored as a power. Fascicle 103 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the night of awakening and the defeat of Māra, and King Ajātaśatru's own rootless faith. Fascicle 104 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the garland of concentration, the elder's own dwelling place, and Śāriputra's own lion's roar against a drunken ascetic's boast. Fascicle 105 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: Ānanda witnesses the massacre of the Śākya clan, the three doubled concentrations, and the opening of the Cultivation-of-Knowledge Nyāsa. Fascicle 106 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why eight kinds of knowledge, their full technical profile, and a forty-eight-tetralemma exercise on knowledge and aspect. Fascicle 107 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the stage-by-stage cultivation of knowledge, the sixteenth moment of the path of seeing, and why dharma-cognition alone can cut off the upper realms' own fetters. Fascicle 108 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: cutting off and witnessing at once, the notion of impermanence, and the seven stations of skill. Fascicle 109 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the seven noble persons, the three concentrations, and an extended sequence of associative tetralemmas. Fascicle 110 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the forty-four and seventy-seven matters of knowledge, and the full narrative of the Susīma Sūtra. Fascicle 111 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a systematic survey of attainment across the three times, and the lesser and greater sevenfold analysis — closing the Knowledge Aggregate. Fascicle 112 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: opening the Karma Aggregate with the three kinds of bad and good conduct, and the three unwholesome and wholesome roots. Fascicle 113 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the ten paths of karma, how the gods make love, and how karma reshapes the very fabric of the world. Fascicle 114 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four colors of karma, the Bodhisattva's own life as a rescuing bear, and karma ripening now, next life, or later. Fascicle 115 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: karma and the five kinds of feeling, a formal matrix of every karma-classification, and the Three Obstructions, including Aṅgulimāla, Śrīgupta, and the naming of Avīci hell. Fascicle 116 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: Devadatta's schism, the Buddha's own ancient karma, and the ten unwholesome paths of karma traced to greed, hatred, and delusion. Fascicle 117 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the seven restraints and twelve criminal trades of non-restraint, crookedness, filth, and turbidity, and what truly instigates an action. Fascicle 118 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a debate over whether the Buddha's voice is karmic ripening, the body-speech-mind ripening matrix, and the opening of the Killing-of-Life Nyāsa. Fascicle 119 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the five ānantarya deeds, the Cakya hunting family's conversion, the monk and the pearl-swallowing goose, and the four kinds of restraint. Fascicle 120 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four kinds of birth, egg-born arhats, why the bodhisattva refused spontaneous birth, and a closing matrix of body and karma. Fascicle 121 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the five kinds of fruit mapped onto the path, unwholesome versus inverted karma, and a closing matrix from karmic profile to rebirth. Fascicle 122 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the parable of the heavenly garment, a single flower sustaining a lifetime of merit, and the metaphysics of magical transformation. Fascicle 123 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why the upāsaka precepts single out adultery, false speech, and alcohol, and the story of Sāgata and the dragon. Fascicle 124 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the eight-precept fast, Kātyāyana's story of the butchers and the adulterers, the Buddha's rebuke of Śakra, and the opening of the Own-Karma Nyāsa. Fascicle 125 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why stream-enterers never fall into evil destinies, King Virūḍhaka's massacre of the Śākyas, and the failed plots against the persecutor Puṣyamitra. Fascicle 126 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: retaining and releasing life, why the Buddha lived eighty years, mental derangement, and a full survey of the Buddha's teaching and the twelve genres of scripture. The Karma Aggregate concludes. Fascicle 127 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Great Elements Aggregate opens — the four great elements, derived form, and the seven kinds of derived touch, from smoothness to hunger and thirst. Fascicle 128 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why an embryo cannot yet manifest expression, and an exhaustive matrix mapping the great elements against wholesome, unwholesome, and neutral form across the three realms. Fascicle 129 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the monk Aśvajit's quest through every heaven to learn where the four great elements cease, and the Buddha's parable of the bird that cannot find the edge of the sky. Fascicle 130 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four unforgettable similes of the child's flesh, the flayed cow, the fire pit, and the three hundred spears, and a hierarchy of merit in giving up to the Buddha himself. Fascicle 131 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the householder Ugra's equanimous giving, the equal merit of two famous final meals, and the opening of the Condition Nyāsa on whether causal conditions are real. Fascicle 132 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: deep atomistic puzzles about touching and gaps, a refutation of those who deny the past and future are real, and an exhaustive matrix of possession across time and realm. Fascicle 133 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: why earth can never become a world-ending calamity, the destruction and re-formation of Mount Sumeru, and Śakra's celestial city Sudarśana. Fascicle 134 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the space-dwelling heavens, the repopulation of a new world, the three minor calamities of sword, plague, and famine, and the opening of the Full-Vision Nyāsa. Fascicle 135 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: magically-created transformation-bodies, Māra's punishment and his conjuring of the Buddha for Upagupta, Mahākāśyapa's wait inside Kukkuṭapāda Mountain, and the measure of an eon. Fascicle 136 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the measure of a moment of mind, a calendar of daylight, atomic-to-cosmic scale, the four causal conditions, and the corpse-contemplation meditations. Fascicle 137 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the elimination-of-form-perception meditation, the abodes of consciousness and sentient beings, and the opening of the Grasped Nyāsa's causal ledger. Fascicle 138 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the causal ledger for contaminated dharmas, nourishment of the faculties, and what "grasped," "conducive to grasping," and a "ground of views" each mean. Fascicle 139 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the nested classification of feeling, the eighteen mental-approaches, and the thirty-six "verses of the Teacher." Fascicle 140 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: an exhaustive ledger of present-versus-future cultivation from stream-entry through the five supernormal powers to arhatship. Fascicle 141 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the self-nature and etymology of every factor of enlightenment, the five supernormal penetrations, and the close of the Great Elements Aggregate. Fascicle 142 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the opening of the Faculties Aggregate, Ānanda's objection to the heretic Pāraśarya, and why each of the twenty-two faculties rules its own domain. Fascicle 143 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: Śāriputra's question about the five hundred bhikṣus, why only the Buddha bears that title, and why perception and even nirvāṇa never qualify as faculties. Fascicle 144 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: which faculties belong to the trainee or the one beyond training, why displeasure can never be neutral, and a census of what is cut off by seeing versus cultivation. Fascicle 145 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four truths' own precise census of underlying tendencies, why only the eye-faculty and a sliver of wisdom count as "view," and why the form realm lacks the male and female faculties. Fascicle 146 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a census of causal correspondence across six frameworks, the noble-one/ordinary-being tetralemma, and an exhaustive ledger closing the entire Faculty Nyāsa. Fascicle 147 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the new Existence Nyāsa opens, tracing what a being first obtains at conception, and an exhaustive census of what is gained, relinquished, and cut off at each of the four noble fruits. Fascicle 148 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: dharma-knowledge and class-knowledge fully analyzed, time-liberation and immovable liberation of mind, and a census closing the entire Existence Nyāsa. Fascicle 149 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the new Contact Nyāsa opens, sixteen kinds of contact defended and defined, and the divine eye's own nature and the puzzle of a sixteen-thousand-yojana body. Fascicle 150 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the divine eye's own nature completed with the story of King Sarvadatta, and a census closing the entire Contact Nyāsa. Fascicle 151 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the new Equanimity-Mind Nyāsa opens, showing every mind arises and ceases equally regardless of body size, speed, or temperament. Fascicle 152 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the attainments of no-perception and cessation compared in full, including a monk who mistook meditative stillness for liberation. Fascicle 153 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: Śāriputra and Udāyin's famous dispute, two monks who died waiting to emerge from cessation-attainment, and the nun Dharmadinnā's celebrated catechism. Fascicle 154 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the elder Revived, cremated while in cessation-attainment yet unharmed, and the no-perception heaven's own faculty census and inevitable fall. Fascicle 155 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Equanimity-Mind Nyāsa concludes and the new One-Mind Nyāsa opens, refuting a heretical theory of matter and tracing when uncontaminated faculties cease and arise. Fascicle 156 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Fish Nyāsa's exhaustive faculty-possession census and the Cause-Condition Nyāsa open — the Faculties Aggregate concludes in its entirety after sixty-four fascicles. Fascicle 157 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Seventh Aggregate, the Concentration Aggregate, opens with the Attainment Nyāsa's foundational argument for the reality of attainment and non-attainment. Fascicle 158 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Attainment Nyāsa continues with the classic "attainment of an attainment" infinite-regress puzzle and a systematic census across the path of seeing and the four truths. Fascicle 159 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Attainment Nyāsa continues with an exhaustive census of non-material dharmas against the mind they co-arise with, across moral quality and across all three realms. Fascicle 160 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Attainment Nyāsa's great census concludes, and a new topic opens on how many factors each dhyāna has, defiled or undefiled. Fascicle 161 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: flavor-associated dhyāna, leapfrogging concentrations, rebirth without ever entering a dhyāna, and a full census of rebirth by attainment level. Fascicle 162 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Attainment Nyāsa concludes and the Object-Condition Nyāsa opens, with the four immeasurables, the eight attainments, and why the desire realm and the peak of existence both lack the noble path. Fascicle 163 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the pure dhyāna's four portions, death and rebirth across them, and the fourfold meaning of cultivation, illustrated by the Buddha's own final nirvāṇa. Fascicle 164 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the first dhyāna's cultivation census concludes, and the same exhaustive combinatorial method is run a second time for the fourth dhyāna. Fascicle 165 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the four conditions applied to every dhyāna, and a detailed training manual for the leaping-concentration, the practice of skipping directly between non-adjacent meditative states. Fascicle 166 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Subsumption Nyāsa opens with the Ten Perceptions, including detailed meditation instructions for corpse contemplation, loathing food, and the perception of death. Fascicle 167 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: a systematic analysis of what the ten perceptions, dhyānas, and formless attainments subsume and what they correlate with, category by category. Fascicle 168 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the doctrine of possession applied to the dhyānas, formless spheres, liberations, and the seven types of noble person. Fascicle 169 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: possession, attainment, and regression applied to the dhyānas, and a full causal analysis of the sixty-five equipoises. Fascicle 170 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: completing the causal analysis of the sixty-five equipoises, and a full account of what each stage of the path minimally and maximally possesses. Fascicle 171 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: sudden versus gradual attainment, the four kinds of noble and ignoble speech, and the four types of entering the womb, including the Bodhisattva's own final descent. Fascicle 172 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the five destinies in full — hell's architecture, the animal kingdom across every realm, King Nimi's tour of the ghost-world, and the asura's uncertain place between god and ghost. Fascicle 173 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Subsumption Nyāsa concludes with the eight worldly winds and a landmark polemic on the Buddha's own contaminated physical body, unmoved like Mount Sumeru. Fascicle 174 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Non-Returner Nyāsa opens with the five types of non-returner, ranked, defined, and multiplied out to nearly thirteen thousand distinct varieties. Fascicle 175 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the seven sage-destinies, why stream-enterers and once-returners never qualify, and the mixed cultivation of dhyāna that produces rebirth into the five Pure Abodes. Fascicle 176 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the five Pure Abodes, why Devadatta's fall beats Udraka Rāmaputra's meditative peak, and at what precise point one is truly called a Bodhisattva. Fascicle 177 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the karma of the Buddha's thirty-two excellent marks, the full catalogue of those marks, the hundred blessings adorning each one, and how Śākyamuni overtook nine eons before a Buddha named Tiṣya. Fascicle 178 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: when the four pāramitās are truly perfected, why the Bodhisattva's final rebirth falls in Tuṣita, Ajita rebuked and Maitreya praised, and the nature of wish-knowledge. Fascicle 179 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: wish-knowledge's own preparatory practice, Subhūti's non-contention practice and his refusal to say his own name, and Ina the young scholar converted on his wedding morning. Fascicle 180 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: Cūḷapanthaka's path to arhatship through a single dirty sandal, why mind alone turns swiftly, the four unimpeded understandings, and why the pratyekabuddha cannot teach. Fascicle 181 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: Mahākāśyapa and Vakkula's two ways of not discriminating food, the four noble lineages of contentment, and why every past Buddha praised the rag-robe yet forbade it. Fascicle 182 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: what the Dharma-wheel is, the Buddha's walk to Vārāṇasī and the five ascetics won over, and Kauṇḍinya's threefold questioning explained through the sage Kṣāntivādin. Fascicle 183 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Non-Returner Nyāsa closes with the full eschatology of how the true Dharma will perish, and the Single Practice Nyāsa opens with the three concentrations. Fascicle 184 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the exhaustive sixfold and sevenfold temporal analysis of the empty, wishless, and signless concentrations, and a closing taxonomy of the small seven and great seven. Fascicle 185 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: cultivation of the three concentrations, entering the noble path, the mindfulness-foundations of exhaustion cognition, rising from concentration, and Mahāmaudgalyāyana's nāga-roar. Fascicle 186 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the three groupings of sentient beings, the divine eye and ear without prior sight or sound, why only the upper three fruits can regress, and the reach of the five superknowledges. Fascicle 187 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Views Aggregate opens with the Mindfulness-Foundations Nyāsa — the three kinds of mindfulness-foundation, why exactly four are taught, and the order in which they arise. Fascicle 188 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: mindfulness-foundation through hearing, reflection, and cultivation; the single path to purification; and the four wholesome roots leading to the path of seeing. Fascicle 189 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: cultivation combinatorics across every stage of practice, each mindfulness-foundation fully specified, and the puzzle of knowing a feeling as it really is. Fascicle 190 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: bodily and mental feeling, mind with and without craving, why a wholesome mind is called great, and the terminal feeling at the moment of death. Fascicle 191 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Buddha's own final nirvāṇa at Kuśinagara — why his chief disciples died first, the reverse-superseding ascent through every attainment, and his final teaching. Fascicle 192 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the parinirvāṇa narrative closes, the four states of existence, and the Three States of Existence Nyāsa opens — what "existence" means and why the noble path is excluded. Fascicle 193 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: aggregates relinquished across every realm-pairing, why latent afflictions never cross realms, how the three realms are established by craving, and the ten perceptions. Fascicle 194 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: an alternate reading of cultivating the perception of impermanence, the perception of foulness, and the thoughts of desire, malice, harming, and renunciation. Fascicle 195 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: knowledge/ignorance close the Three States of Existence Nyāsa; the Nyāsa of Perception opens; mind and karma; and the reality of the conditioned characteristics. Fascicle 196 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: latent afflictions and views/doubt close the Nyāsa of Perception; the Nyāsa of Cognition opens with comprehension, aversion, and causal necessity. Fascicle 197 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: mental contact as a threefold combination, restraint of the faculties, and a vast combinatorial classification of every dharma by exclusion. Fascicle 198 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the Nyāsa of Views opens with a catalogue of heterodox view-tenets — denying karma, rebirth, and the path, and a staggering rival cosmology. Fascicle 199 Read Ru-Yi's translation Complete: the naked ascetic Kāśyapa, nine kinds of conceit, and the Brahmajāla Sūtra's sixty-two views — eternalism, causeless arising, and the eel-wriggling equivocators. Fascicle 200 Read Ru-Yi's translation — Final Fascicle Complete: the sixty-two views concluded, every view sorted into eternalism or annihilationism, the Buddhist middle way, and Xuánzàng's own closing verses. The treatise is complete.